Lateral dimension and amino-functionalization on the balance to assess the single-cell toxicity of graphene on fifteen immune cell types

Evaluation of the Toxic Activity of the Graphene Oxide in the Ex Vivo Model of Human PBMC Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis

“…There are conflicting results on the toxicity of GO on hPBMCs, with some studies indicating a clear toxic effect and others showing no impact on hPBMC viability and proliferation potential [ 12 , 22 , 23 ]. To investigate the effect of GO on hPBMCs, we used flow cytometry analysis to pinpoint the viability of the different cellular subsets.…”

“…When administered in vivo, GO preferentially accumulates in the lungs, prompting many to investigate its potential use as adjunctive therapy in respiratory infections such as TB [ 6 , 27 , 28 ]. However, the use of GO remains controversial mainly due to the variable cytotoxicity observed that can vary depending on the GO physico-chemical features (lateral size, impurities due to manufacturing methods, concentration and functionalization) and the experimental model used [ 22 , 29 , 30 ].…”

V4C3 MXene Immune Profiling and Modulation of T Cell‐Dendritic Cell Function and Interaction

“…To this end, we treated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with increasing concentrations (25, 50, and 100 μg mL −1 ) of V 4 C 3 or Ti 3 C 2 for 24 h, selecting this incubation time based on previous studies with other nanomaterials on immune cells. [14,[66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77] We used EtOH as a positive control. Subsequently, we stained cells with Fixable Viability Staining 780 and analyzed the effect of material exposure by flow cytometry, observing no reduction of PBMC viability (Figure S1B, Supporting Information).…”

Graphene nanoribbons are internalized by human primary immune cell subpopulations maintaining a safety profile: A high-dimensional pilot study by single-cell mass cytometry

“…The selection of the concentrations was based on previous studies reported on other 2D materials with similar cell models. [22] For this experiment, we decided to use calcein staining, a cell-permeant esterase substrate that serves as a viability probe measuring both intracellular enzymatic activity and cell membrane integrity. As shown in Figure S4A-C, GNRs-I-US was highly biocompatible at each concentration tested, while GNRs-I-S induced a reduction of cell viability only at the highest concentration (100 μg/mL), suggesting superior immune compatibility conferred by the material with the smaller length.…”