Lateral cephalometric norms for Saudi adults: A meta-analysis

Abstract

Orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning require careful evaluation of the patient's cephalometric values and comparison to known population cephalometric means or norms. Despite the availability of several published studies on Saudi cephalometric norms, Caucasian norms are still referred to when Saudi patients are treated. To reach a consensus between these studies and to establish more accurately cephalometric norms for Saudis, a meta-analysis of the relevant literature was performed. Electronic database (PubMed), Saudi Dental Journal and Master theses were searched for studies reporting cephalometric values of normal male and female Saudi adults with numerical data and 8 studies with a total sample size of 485 met the inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis with results from these studies was completed. The combined mean estimates and SD of common cephalometric measurements were calculated. The data included in this comprehensive meta-analysis were compared with Caucasian norms and results indicated that Saudis have distinct cephalometric features. Saudis tend to have slightly more convex profiles and more proclined incisors than the Caucasians. These findings confirm the previously published results and should serve as more accurate reference values that were drawn from a large sample size.

Cephalometric Norms in an Omani Adult Population of Arab Descent

“…[2][3][4][5]8,[38][39][40]42 Overall, Arab Omanis were found to have a more retruded maxilla when compared to the Eastman Standard norms or Egyptian, Saudi, Kuwaiti and Emirati samples; however, they were less retruded than Jordanian, Moroccan and Yemeni samples. [3][4][5]8,[38][39][40]42 Nevertheless, results from the present study showed no significant difference with Eastman Standard norms regarding the sagittal relationship between the maxilla and the mandible (i.e. the ANB angle).…”

“…10,13 In addition, Omanis had the greatest degree of incisor proclination compared to other Arab populations, apart from Emiratis. [2][3][4][5]8,[38][39][40]42 Protrusion of the LI and the distance between the LI and facial plane was also increased by 1.8 mm and 1.5 mm, respectively. 22,23 This finding is in accordance with other studies of Arab populations which indicated greater proclined incisor relations.…”

“…10,11,31,32 However, it is apparent that the cephalometric norms for one ethnic group do not necessarily apply to others. 5,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] The present study was undertaken to establish cephalometric norms for a young population of Omanis of Arab descent. Statistically significant differences were observed in comparison to Eastman Standard norms for almost all of the cephalometric variables.…”

“…12 Previous studies in Saudi Arabia and Jordan have reported similar findings, while other studies in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Morocco and Yemen have reported conflicting findings. 2,3,[37][38][39][40] Arab Omanis were found to have relatively reduced ANB angles compared to reports for other Arab populations. [2][3][4][5]8,[38][39][40]42 On the other hand, the angle between the palatal and MN planes was significantly higher among the current sample of Omani adults in comparison to Eastman Standard norms.…”

The facial profile in brazilian adults

“…Variables such as gender and ethnic origin have different characteristics of skeletal, dental and soft tissue normality, which require knowledge of what is considered normal or standard in each ethnic group [1][2][3][4] . In addition, patients expect results to be in accordance with social and cultural standards of beauty prevalent in their reference group, the Zeitgeist, as well as in society in general 5 .…”