Latent inhibition of a conditioned taste aversion in fetal rats

Mickley, G. Andrew; Hoxha, Zana; DiSorbo, Anthony; Wilson, Gina N.; Remus, J.L.; Biesan, Orion R.; Ketchesin, Kyle D.; Ramos, Linnet; Luchsinger, Joseph R.; Prodan, Suzanna; Rogers, Morgan M.; Wiles, Nathanael R.; Hoxha, Nita

doi:10.1002/dev.21110

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…While prior experiences with the CS tend to weaken the CR in adult rats (Rodriguez & Alonso, ), the same procedure usually facilitates conditioning in infant rats (Chotro & Alonso, ; Hoffmann & Spear, ). Nevertheless, there is some evidence of latent inhibition during infancy (Chotro & Alonso, ; Hoffmann & Spear, ; Kraemer et al, ; Rudy, ; Yap & Richardson, ), and even in the fetal rat (Mickley et al, ), and this effect seems to emerge earlier for taste aversion conditioning than for fear learning. The direction of the CS‐preexposure outcome (facilitation or retardation) depends, among other factors, on the number of preexposures to the CS (Chotro & Alonso, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Context‐dependent latent inhibition in preweanling rats

Revillo

Gaztañaga

Aranda

et al. 2014

Developmental Psychobiology

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Preexposure to a conditioned stimulus (CS) usually weakens conditioning, an effect known as latent inhibition. Similar to other learning interference effects, latent inhibition has been characterized as context-dependent, which means that the magnitude of this effect can be attenuated by changing the context between the different phases of the procedure (e.g., preexposure and conditioning). Latent inhibition has been found with a variety of procedures in infant rats, but the few studies that examined the context-dependency of this phenomenon during this ontogenetic period found no context-change effect. The present study explored the context-dependency of latent inhibition during infancy using a conditioned taste aversion preparation and employing contexts enriched with distinctive odors to increase the possible efficacy of the context manipulation. Experiment 1 showed that three preexposures to the CS (saccharin) were sufficient to retard conditioning to the same CS, although this effect was also observed in a control group preexposed to an alternative taste stimulus (saline), in comparison with a non-preexposed control group. In Experiment 2a, the CS-preexposure effect was found to be specific to the preexposed CS when the number of preexposures was increased. This effect was revealed as context-dependent in Experiment 2b, since it was attenuated by changing the context between preexposure and conditioning. The present result is consistent with recent studies showing the context-dependency of extinction in preweanling rats, thus demonstrating these animals' capacity to learn about context early on in their development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Context‐dependent latent inhibition in preweanling rats

Revillo

Gaztañaga

Aranda

et al. 2014

Developmental Psychobiology

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“…As in most altricial mammals, the near-term fetus of the rat has the capacity to perceive chemosensory stimuli present in its environment, as well as to respond to such stimuli and to modify this response as a function of experience, i.e., it has the ability to learn about these stimuli (Pedersen et al, 1986 ; Smotherman and Robinson, 1988 ; Mickley et al, 2000 ). Clear evidence exists about prenatal learning with chemosensory stimuli, from relatively simple forms of learning such as habituation and sensitization, to appetitive and aversive Pavlovian conditioning (Stickrod et al, 1982 ; Smotherman and Robinson, 1992 ; Chotro and Spear, 1997 ; Mickley et al, 2014 ). Considering these fetal capacities, along with the fact that the fetus can be exposed in the amniotic environment to chemosensory stimuli derived from the maternal diet, learning about those stimuli is expected to regularly occur.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Acetaldehyde in the Increased Acceptance of Ethanol after Prenatal Ethanol Exposure

Gaztañaga

Angulo-Alcalde

Spear

et al. 2017

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Recent studies show that acetaldehyde, the first metabolite in the oxidation of ethanol, can be responsible for both, the appetitive and the aversive effects produced by ethanol intoxication. More specifically, it has been hypothesized that acetaldehyde produced in the periphery by the liver is responsible for the aversive effects of ethanol, while the appetitive effects relate to the acetaldehyde produced centrally through the catalase system. On the other hand, from studies in our and other laboratories, it is known that ethanol exposure during the last gestational days (GD) consistently enhances the postnatal acceptance of ethanol when measured during early ontogeny in the rat. This increased liking of ethanol is a conditioned appetitive response acquired by the fetus by the association of ethanol’s flavor and an appetitive reinforcer. Although this reinforcer has not yet been fully identified, one possibility points to acetaldehyde produced centrally in the fetus as a likely candidate. This hypothesis is supported by data showing that very early in the rat’s ontogeny brain catalases are functional, while the liver’s enzymatic system is still immature. In this study, rat dams were administered on GD 17–20 with water or ethanol, together with an acetaldehyde-sequestering agent (D-penicillamine). The offspring’s responses to ethanol was then assessed at different postnatal stages with procedures adequate for each developmental stage: on day 1, using the “odor crawling locomotion test” to measure ethanol’s odor attractiveness; on day 5, in an operant conditioning procedure with ethanol as the reinforcer; and on day 14 in an ethanol intake test. Results show that the absence of acetaldehyde during prenatal ethanol exposure impeded the observation of the increased acceptance of ethanol at any age. This seems to confirm the crucial role of acetaldehyde as a reinforcer in the appetitive learning occurring during prenatal ethanol exposure.

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“…Arratoi kumeekin egindako ikerketei dagokienez, ezkutuko inhibizioa garapen-etapa goiztiarrean demostratzeko zailtasun gehiago azaldu dira. Izan ere, orain arte arratoi kumeekin eskuratutako emaitzak ez dira batere koherenteak izan, nahiz eta azken urteetan zenbait ikerketak ezkutuko inhibizioaren fenomeno hau behatzea lortu duten (Cheatle eta Rudy, 1979;Chotro eta Alonso, 1999Gaztañaga et al, 2015;Hoffmann eta Spear, 1989;Kraemer, Hoffmann, eta Spear, 1988;Mickley et al, 2014;Yap eta Richardson, 2005). Baina beste hainbat ikerketa ere badaude, zeinetan fenomeno hau aurkitu ez den (Guanowsky, Misanin, eta Riccio, 1983;Manrique, Gamiz, Moron, Ballesteros eta Gallo, 2009;Misanin, Blatt eta Hinderliter, 1985;Nicolle, Barry, Veronesi, eta Stanton, 1989).…”

Section: Kontrol-taldea 6uunclassified

“…Zehazki azpimarratzen dutenez, hipokanpoaren garapen murritzak oztopa lezake ezkutuko inhibizioa aurkitzea arratoi kumeetan (adibidez, Gaztañaga et al, 2015). Beste hainbat ikerketatan, aldiz, fenomenoa behatu ahal izan da, baina oso irizpide konkretuak erabiliz: usaimenezko eta zaporezko SBak erabilita, horiek baitira garapenean lehen heltzen diren zentzumenak (Cheatle eta Rudy, 1979;Hoffmann eta Spear, 1989;Mickley et al, 2014;Richardson, Fan eta Parnas, 2003;Rudy eta Morledge, 1994;Wilson eta Sullivan, 1994). Adibidez, lehen deskribatutako zaporearekiko higuin-prozeduraren moldaketak erabiliz, sakarina (SB) eta litioa (SBg) estimuluekin, ezkutuko inhibizioa baieztatzea lortu da aurreazalpen-fasea jaio ondorengo 12. egunean edo beranduago egiten denean (Chotro eta Alonso, 1999Gaztañaga et al, 2015;Kraemer et al, 1988;Revillo et al, 2014).…”

Section: Kontrol-taldea 6uunclassified

Arratoi kumeen ikaskuntza asoziatiboa: ezkutuko inhibizioaren areagotzea bilatzen

Liberal¹,

Gaztañaga²,

Alcalde³

et al. 2021

uztaro

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Ikerketa honetan, arratoi kumeekin egindako esperimentua aurkezten da, zapore-higuin baldintzatuaren prozedura erabiliz. Horren bidez, ikaskuntzaren psikologiaren fenomeno ezagunenetako bat ikertu dugu, hots, ezkutuko inhibizioa. Fenomeno hori baieztatzeko, estimulu baldintzatuaren aurreazalpen hutsa egin ondoren, ikaskuntza asoziatiboaren oztopatzea aurkitu behar da. Bi helburu nagusi izan ditugu. Alde batetik, ezkutuko inhibizio-efektua garapenean dauden arratoiekin frogatu nahi izan dugu. Beste aldetik, Hall eta Rodríguezen (2010) ezkutuko inhibizioaren teoriaren iragarpen bat frogatzen saiatu gara. Eredu teoriko horren arabera, ezkutuko inhibizioaren areagotzea espero genezake, aurreazalpenfasean bi estimulu aldi berean aurkezten direnean. Iragarpen hori arratoi helduekin egindako esperimentuetan baieztatu da dagoeneko, baina oraindik ez da arratoi kumeekin inoiz frogatu. Lortutako emaitzek adierazten dutenez, ezkutuko inhibizioa arratoi kumeetan demostratzea lortu dugun arren, ez dugu behatu espero genuen efektuaren areagotzea. Emaitza horiek arratoi kumeen zentzumen-sistemaren heldugabetasunaren arabera azal daitezke.GAKO-HITZAK: Ikaskuntza asoziatiboa • Ezkutuko inhibizioa • Arratoi kumeak • Garapena. Associative learning in preweanling rats: looking for potentiation of latent inhibitionThis study presents an experiment with young rats using a flavor conditioning procedure with two main goals. Our first objective was to demonstrate the latent inhibition effect with developing rats. Latent inhibition is demonstrated when non-reinforced preexposure to the conditioned stimulus impairs the subsequent acquisition of associative learning. Our second objective was to test a prediction of the Hall and Rodriguez (2010) theory of latent inhibition. According to this model, we would expect a potentiation of latent inhibition when the preexposure phase involves the presentation of two stimuli simultaneously. This prediction has been confirmed in experiments with adult rats but has not yet been investigated with young rats. Although the results indicate that we have been able to demonstrate latent inhibition, we did not observe the expected potentiation of this effect. These results may be explained by the immature development of the young rat´s sensory system.

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Latent inhibition of a conditioned taste aversion in fetal rats

Cited by 4 publications

References 145 publications

Context‐dependent latent inhibition in preweanling rats

Context‐dependent latent inhibition in preweanling rats

The Role of Acetaldehyde in the Increased Acceptance of Ethanol after Prenatal Ethanol Exposure

Arratoi kumeen ikaskuntza asoziatiboa: ezkutuko inhibizioaren areagotzea bilatzen

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