Latency causes and reduction in optical metro networks

Impact of cascaded MRRs on all-optical clock recovery from 40 Gbit/s RZ-OOK signal

“…Then simulations were carried out with double ring MRR with the same power coupling coefficients k1=k3 and according to (2) k2 is used as power coupling coefficient between rings. The FSR for both rings also is chosen to be equal.…”

“…This is because of the need to increase the efficiency of optical network power utilization which is related to reduction of CO2 emission [1]. Novel technologies could also provide benefit in terms of latency because of reduced number of optical to electrical to optical (O-E-O) conversion (which can cause latency up to 100 μs) [2,3]. Traditionally clock recovery in transmission systems was implemented as electrical circuitry which with development of novel all-optical signal processing functionalities has led to necessity of alloptical circuitry.…”

Virtual Network Embedding with Path-based Latency Guarantees in Elastic Optical Networks

“…Latency Considerations in Optical Networks Several research papers and industry white papers have identified different sources of latency in an optical network [2], [43]- [46]. Accordingly, latency in optical networks stems from various technology domains such as physical layer operations [43], components inside an optical switching element [44], and transport layer processing [2], [45], [46]. These studies were helpful to us in determining which latency components should be considered while modeling the latency-constrained VNE problem for EON, and which could be omited to keep model complexity at a reasonable level.…”

“…The latency incurred on transponders varies depending on their design and supported functionality. More complex transponders include functionality such as in-band management and can have latencies in the range 5 -10 µs [44]. However, many equipment vendors offer simpler and lower-cost transponders without features such as in-band management.…”

Realization of dense bidirectional spectrum sliced WDM-PON access system

“…It will reach 1 zettabyte (ZB) per year or 83.8 exabytes (EB) per month in year 2015 [1]. The growing number of Internet users and bandwidth-driven applications, such as online gaming, streaming video, telemedicine, video conferencing and others bring various challenges for network operators and force them to migrate toward new architectures [2,3]. Therefore, optical access networks need to provide higher and higher data transmission speeds in the same time trying to keep capital and operational expenditure as low as possible due to their cost sensitivity [2,4].…”