Latency and reactivation of infectious laryngotracheitis vaccine virus

Hughes, Carolyn S.; Williams, Russell A.; Gaskell, Rosalind M.; Jordan, F. T. W.; Bradbury, Janet M.; Bennett, Malcolm J.; Jones, R. C.

doi:10.1007/bf01316755

Cited by 103 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…In the first report, no differences were detectable between 7 field isolates made between 1979 and 1984 (Leib et al, 1986). In the second report, the vaccinal strain used in this study and a single field isolate made in 1979 were found to be similar in terms of clinical signs, acute phase shedding, latency and RFLP analysis (Hughes et al, 1991b). This led to the hypothesis that vaccine-derived virus is now established in the field, where it is responsible for many of the outbreaks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…Infection with both field and vaccinal strains of ILTV results in a carrier state characterized by latency in the trigeminal ganglia interspersed with brief periods of spontaneous virus shedding (Hughes et al, 1987;Hughes et al, 1991b;Williams et al, 1992). Natural stress factors including re-housing, mixing and the onset of lay are recognised factors that will trigger recrudescence and shedding of latent virus (Hughes et al, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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RFLP analysis of recent Northern Ireland isolates of infectious laryngotracheitis virus: Comparison with vaccine virus and field isolates from England, Scotland and the Republic of Ireland

Graham¹,

McLaren²,

Calvert³

et al. 2000

Avian Pathology

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Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was used to assist epidemiological investigations following the recent introduction of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) to commercial poultry flocks in Northern Ireland (NI). A 4.9 kbp PCR product of the ILTV ICP4 gene was generated from each of 16 field isolates of ILTV originating from England, Scotland, NI and the Republic of Ireland (RoI) and of the single vaccine strain currently licenced for use within the United Kingdom. With the exception of isolate PV6/94 from RoI, all field isolates generated RFLP patterns, following digestion with HaeIII, similar to that obtained using the vaccinal strain. Following MspI digestion, NI isolates were indistinguishable from the vaccinal strain and recent English isolates. However, one English and one Scottish isolate, both made prior to the introduction of vaccination, and two isolates from RoI generated a second pattern following digestion with MspI.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RFLP analysis of recent Northern Ireland isolates of infectious laryngotracheitis virus: Comparison with vaccine virus and field isolates from England, Scotland and the Republic of Ireland

Graham¹,

McLaren²,

Calvert³

et al. 2000

Avian Pathology

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“…Clinical characteristics of the disease include decreased egg production, ill-thrift, oral and ocular discharge and conjunctivitis (Guy & Bagust, 2003). The disease is of economic importance as virulent strains can cause high levels of mortality and reduced productivity, while recovery from the disease can result in birds with a latent carrier status (Hughes et al ., 1987(Hughes et al ., , 1991b. Although strains may vary considerably in their virulence, there is recent evidence that vaccine-derived strains have become established in the field (Guy et al ., 1989;Graham et al ., 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid detection and characterization from field cases of infectious laryngotracheitis virus by real-time polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism

et al. 2006

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A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed to specifically amplify infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) DNA from field samples. The 222-base-pair PCR fragment was amplified using primers located in a conserved region of the infected cell protein 4 gene that was demonstrated in this work to encompass a single nucleotide polymorphism. Subsequent restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of real-time PCR amplified fragments from a range of ILTV isolates using the restriction endonuclease MspI enabled differentiation between older ILTV isolates that were prevalent in the 1960s prior to the availability of vaccine strains and more recent isolates that predominantly are identical to vaccine strains. The assay, using real-time PCR, RFLP and sequence analysis, was used to characterize two recent field cases of infectious laryngotracheitis from Northern Ireland. One of the field cases was demonstrated to be similar to older ''wild-type'' isolates, while the other field case was identified to have a concurrent ILTV infection of both ''wild-type'' and vaccinal type origin. The assay described here using realtime PCR and RFLP provides a rapid, specific method that enables detection and characterization of ILTV directly from field cases.

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“…While it would have been of interest to examine the trigeminal nerve ganglia in these birds, it was not necessary for this study. Although latently infecting the trigeminal nerve, other herpesvirues can also be found in other tissues, e.g., infectious laryngotracheitis can also consistently infect the trachea 1,5,6 . This is consistent with the findings in this case where latently infected birds had virus in multiple tissues.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The trigeminal nerve ganglia is commonly and latently infected by many herpesviruses in their respective hosts, including the infectious laryngotracheitis virus, one of the most closely related viruses to PsHV-1 and PsHV-2 5,6,15,18 . While it would have been of interest to examine the trigeminal nerve ganglia in these birds, it was not necessary for this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue Distribution of Psittacid Herpesviruses in Latently Infected Parrots, Repeated Sampling of Latently Infected Parrots and Prevalence of Latency in Parrots Submitted for Necropsy

2006

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Abstract. Psittacid herpesvirus-1 (PsHV-1) is the cause of an acute fatal disease in parrots and is implicated as the cause of papillomatous lesions of the digestive tract. Not all infections cause disease and some parrots are infected asymptomatically. Latently infected parrots are potential sources for virus dissemination. Tissues from parrots that died spontaneously with a history of coming from flocks where a PsHV-1 outbreak had occurred were examined for PsHV-1 DNA. Fourteen of 16 parrots examined were infected with at least 1 variant of PsHV-1; of these 13 (93%) had viral DNA in either or both the oral and cloacal mucosa, suggesting that most latently infected parrots could be detected by sampling these sites. Nine of 9 parrots shown to be infected 5 years prior to this study were positive again on repeat sampling and were infected with the same virus genotype. Opportunistic sampling of parrots submitted for diagnostic necropsy indicated that the prevalence of PsHV-1 in parrots in the sampled population was approximately 9.3%. PsHV-1 genotypes 1, 2, and 3 were found in these birds, but genotype 4 was not. Six necropsy specimens were found to be infected with two PsHV-1 genotypes and it was concluded that infection with one serotype did not protect against infection with another. Psittacid herpesvirus 2 (PsHV-2) was identified in 4 African grey parrots and a blue and gold macaw. Prior to this study PsHV-2 had only been found in African grey parrots.

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Latency and reactivation of infectious laryngotracheitis vaccine virus

Abstract: Latency and reactivation of a commercial infectious laryngotracheitis virus vaccine were demonstrated in live chickens. Virus was re-isolated at intervals between seven and fourteen weeks post-vaccination and this may be of epizootiological significance.

Cited by 103 publications

References 20 publications

RFLP analysis of recent Northern Ireland isolates of infectious laryngotracheitis virus: Comparison with vaccine virus and field isolates from England, Scotland and the Republic of Ireland

RFLP analysis of recent Northern Ireland isolates of infectious laryngotracheitis virus: Comparison with vaccine virus and field isolates from England, Scotland and the Republic of Ireland

Rapid detection and characterization from field cases of infectious laryngotracheitis virus by real-time polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism

Tissue Distribution of Psittacid Herpesviruses in Latently Infected Parrots, Repeated Sampling of Latently Infected Parrots and Prevalence of Latency in Parrots Submitted for Necropsy

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