“…Discussions in earlier research have focused on how state, nation, and constitution should be defined, whether or not such criteria were fulfilled, and how some key historical actors understood these political concepts (e.g., Jussila, 1969, 1987; Kemiläinen, 1964; Klinge, 1996), but only few studies include a more comprehensive account of how the historical understanding of these concepts changed (Jussila, 1969; Krusius-Ahrenberg, 1934; Liikanen 2003; Pekonen 2014; Pulkkinen, 2003). Some studies refer to practices of comparison as a way of temporally aligning Finland (Jalava, 2014; Rantala, 2019; Stenius, 2004), but such practices have not been directly linked to the issue of state- and nation-building in the early 19th century.…”