Late Rickets and Osteomalacia in the Pakistani Community in Glasgow

Dunnigan, M. G.; Paton, JF; Haase, Sabine; McNicol, G. W.; Gardner, Mary D.; Smith, Catherine M.

doi:10.1177/003693306200700402

Cited by 138 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Classic studies from North America first showed this clearly many years ago [154,155]. Asian migrants that moved to northern countries and Canadian summer holiday takers that travelled closer to equatorial latitudes showed a decrease and increase in their vitamin D levels respectively, confirming this relationship [17][18][19]128]. Furthermore, in Argentina, vitamin D deficiency is significantly lower in populations living in northern regions where mean latitude, temperature, and heliophany (daily hours of solar irradiation) varied from 48°S to 27°S, 3.7°C to 16.1°C, and 3.6 h to 6.3 h of UV irradiation, respectively [78].…”

Section: Latitude and Seasonmentioning

confidence: 82%

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Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D

Wahl²,

et al. 2009

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Section: Latitude and Seasonmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…As early as the 1970s, studies clearly showed that migrant populations from Asian countries, when exposed to higher latitudes, were unable to maintain optimal vitamin D levels [17][18][19]. Frank rickets and osteomalacia were not uncom-mon in these migrants.…”

Section: Asiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D

Wahl²,

et al. 2009

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“…Two other studies from Oslo, Norway, found that vitamin D deficiency (mean S-25OHD: 15-19 nmol/l) was common among pregnant Pakistani women (Brunvand and Haug, 1993;Henriksen et al, 1995). Rickets and osteomalacia have been described among Asian immigrants in the UK for several years (Dunnigan et al, 1962;Hunt et al, 1976;Henderson et al, 1987;Nisbet et al, 1990;Finch et al, 1992;Solanki et al, 1995;Serhan and Holland, 2002). In Denmark, vitamin D deficiency (mean S-25OHD 7 nmol/l) is found among Arab women (Glerup et al, 2000a, b), however people of Pakistani origin have not been investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pakistani immigrant children and adults in Denmark have severely low vitamin D status

et al. 2007

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Objective: To determine vitamin D and bone status in adolescent girls, pre-menopausal women and men of Pakistani origin, to single out determinants of vitamin D status and to determine the association between vitamin D status, bone metabolism and bone status. Subjects/Methods: Cross-sectional study, Copenhagen (551N), January-November. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (S-25OHD), serum intact parathyroid hormone (S-iPTH), bone turnover markers and whole body and lumbar spine bone mineral density were measured. Sun, smoking and clothing habits, age, body mass index (BMI), and vitamin D and calcium from food and from supplements were recorded. Thirty-seven girls (median age, range: 12.2 years, 10.1-14.7), 115 women (36.2 years, 18.1-52.7) and 95 men (38.3 years, 17.9-63.5) of Pakistani origin (immigrants or descendants with Pakistani parents) took part in the study. Results: Median concentration of S-25OHD was 10.9, 12.0 and 20.7 nmol/l for girls, women and men, respectively. Forty-seven per cent of the girls, 37% of the women and 24% of the men had elevated S-iPTH, and there was a negative relationship between S-iPTH and S-25OHD. Use of vitamin D-containing supplements had a positive association with S-25OHD for men (P ¼ 0.04) and women (P ¼ 0.0008). Twenty-one per cent of the women and 34% of the men had osteopenia. Neither S-25OHD nor S-iPTH was associated with lumbar spine or whole body bone mineral content. IntroductionVitamin D is a primary regulator of calcium homoeostasis and bone metabolism. The active metabolites of vitamin D facilitate the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the gut to maintain blood calcium concentrations that are vital to proper bone mineralization. Vitamin D deficiency can result in rickets in children, and in osteomalacia and/or osteoporosis in adults and elderly (Heaney, 2003;Zittermann, 2003). Since the main source of vitamin D is ultraviolet light, reduced sun exposure, due to clothing habits, dark skin pigmentation or living at northern latitudes, can lead to vitamin D deficiency. Diet is a secondary source of vitamin D, since only few foods contain significant amounts of vitamin D.In Contributors: RA collected the data, wrote the manuscript and undertook the statistical analyses with advice from LTS, CM and LO. RA, CB, KDC, CL-A, CM and LO designed the study. JJ undertook the measurements of S-25OHD. KDC undertook the measurements of bone turnover markers. CL-A undertook the measurements of S-iPTH, calcium and phosphate. All contributed to the manuscript. (Statistics Denmark, 2005). People who migrate from sun-rich countries to countries that are sun-deprived for half of the year and have low UVintensity even at summer (e.g., Denmark) may increase their risk of vitamin D deficiency. In particular, when the habit of avoiding direct sun exposure is maintained and most of the skin is covered with clothes also during the summer, the deficiency may become severe.In recent studies from Norway ( The aim of this study was to determine the vitamin D and bone status in healthy adolescent g...

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“…The prevalence of Asian rickets and osteomalacia Asian rickets and osteomalacia were first described in Glasgow in 1962 (Dunnigan et al 1962) and have since been found in every Asian community in Britain (Holmes et al 1973;Dunnigan, 1977). The disease differs from vitamin D deficiency in the white population, being found not only in infancy and in the housebound elderly but throughout childhood, adolescence and, in women, adult life.…”

Section: Folic Acid and Vitamin B De$ciency In Asian Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional deficiencies among ethnic minorities in the United Kingdom

et al. 1982

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Ethnic minorities in Britain having their origins in the West Indies, the Indian sub-continent (Asian), China and Africa consume diets which differ in varying degree from those of the indigenous population. These minority groups are in general well nourished and almost certainly share obesity with the host population as their commonest nutritional problem. Infantile rickets and iron deficiency anaemia are seen in a small number of the children of all ethnic minorities. Nutritional deficiencies of folic acid and vitamin B,* outside infancy are virtually confined to the Asian population and result from their dietary habit of lacto-vegetarianism. Vitamin D deficiency leading to rickets and osteomalacia is widespread among Asians in Britain. The contribution of dietary factors to rickets and osteomalacia is the subject of current debate. This paper deals mainly with the prevalence, prevention and aetiology of Asian rickets and osteomalacia with particular emphasis on dietary risk factors for the development of these diseases.

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Late Rickets and Osteomalacia in the Pakistani Community in Glasgow

Cited by 138 publications

References 6 publications

Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D

Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D

Pakistani immigrant children and adults in Denmark have severely low vitamin D status

Nutritional deficiencies among ethnic minorities in the United Kingdom

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