Late Quaternary tectonic landforms and fluvial aggradation in the Saryu River valley: Central Kumaun Himalaya

Kothyari, Girish Ch; Luirei, Khayingshing

doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.06.010

Cited by 55 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…However, it is assumed that tilting started at 21 ka due to tectonic modification along the CF. Similar observations were made near Pipalkoti, south of the Main Central Thrust in the Alaknanda Valley (Juyal et al, ), Bagmati River valley in the proximity of the Main Frontal Thrust (Lavé & Avouac, ), Saryu Valley in the proximity of the Dulam Khati Fault, and in the Saryu Valley within the North Almora Thrust zone (Kothyari & Luirei, ). Therefore, tilting of terraces in localities 25°46′28.9″ /93°48′15″ and 25°44′24.22″ /93°48′27.62″ are correlated with recent activity associated with the thrust and faults.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…Bedrock incision/uplift rates have been calculated with the help of terraces with deeper bedrock steps. The heights of bedrock steps above present river levels have been considered as total incision (Kothyari & Luirei, ; Kumar et al, ; Pazzaglia et al, ). Hence, the rate of river incision is given by the ratio of the elevation ( H ) of bedrock and total time elapsed ( T ) during incision, and can be related to tectonic uplift of a region (Pazzaglia et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fluvial terraces are particularly useful features as they provide information on rate of bedrock uplift/incision (Molnar & England, ; Rockwell et al, ). To derive the uplift rate from dated fluvial terraces, it is assumed that the geometry and elevation of the river remains constant during down‐cutting (Kothyari & Luirei, ). Hence, the bedrock uplift rate is equal to river incision, as measured from the elevation of terrace remnants above modern rivers (Lavé & Avouac, ).…”

Section: Optical Chronologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Late Quaternary deformation in parts of the Belt of Schuppen of Dimapur and Peren districts, Nagaland, NE India

et al. 2019

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Geomorphic evidences and geochronology suggest recent tectonic activity in the Belt of Schuppen of Dimapur and Peren districts of Nagaland. Multiple levels of strath terraces forming remarkable geomorphic expressions are observed along the Chathe and Jharnapani river valleys. They indicate episodic uplift of the hanging-wall blocks of the thrust systems. The major lineaments prominently trend parallel to the NE-SW regional thrusts, some being perpendicular or oblique. Active normal faults displacing bedrock and overlying fill sediments point to recent tectonic activity. The parallel and trellis drainage patterns are lineament-controlled. Uplift of the terrain is evident from successive palaeochannels of the Chathe River younging towards the southwest.Three major aggradational phases of the terrace sediments are inferred from optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) chronology, the oldest beginning around 21 ka, the second around 11-7 ka, and the youngest between 3.5 and 1 ka. A sand lens of a tilted strath terrace exposed between Kukidolong and Chumukedima is dated at 7 ka, indicating tectonic events after 7 ka. Five major phases of bedrock uplift/incision have been estimated during 20 ka (0.13 mm/year), 11 ka (0.92 mm/ year), 9 ka (2.29 mm/year), 6 ka (0.67 mm/year), and 1.8 ka (2.6 mm/year). Transverse topographic symmetry and asymmetry factor data suggest tilting towards the NE and SW. Other morphometric indices, such as channel sinuosity, stream length gradient index, valley floor to valley height ratio, and mountain front sinuosity, suggest that the area is tectonically active, which corroborates field observations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Optical Chronologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Late Quaternary deformation in parts of the Belt of Schuppen of Dimapur and Peren districts, Nagaland, NE India

et al. 2019

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“…The tectono‐stratigraphy of the Kumaun Lesser Himalaya has been characterized by “piggy back” and duplex structures (Gansser, ; Johnson, ; Saklani & Bahuguna, ; Valdiya, , ). The eastern part of Kumaun Himalaya is one of the most seismically active segments (Kothyari & Luirei, ; Kothyari, Rastogi, Morthekai, & Dumka, ; Pathak, Pant, & Dharmwal, ; Paul et al, ). The major as well as minor thrusts and faults in eastern Kumaun are neotectonically quite active, and as such, their movements have made this region vulnerable to landslides (Kothyari, Pant, & Luirei, ; Luirei, ; Luirei, Pant, & Kothyari, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) analysis combined with field evidences is extensively used to deduct neotectonic deformation across the complex Himalayan domain. However, the morphometric approach has been widely used to evaluate the signature of tectonic activity (Agarwal, Bali, & Singh, , Agarwal, Bali, Kumar, Srivastava, & Singh, ; Agarwal & Sharma, ; Agarwal, Prakash, Nawaz Ali, & Jahan, ; Ambili & Narayana, ; Dehbozorgi et al, ; Figueroa & Knott, ; Ganas, Pavlides, & Karastathis, ; Jacques, Salvador, Machado, Grohmann, & Nummer, ; Kothyari, ; Kothyari & Luirei, ; Kothyari, Rastogi, Morthekai, & Dumka, ; Kothyari, Kandregula, & Luirei, , ; Özkaymak & Sözbilir, ; Petrovszki, Székely, & Timár, ; Prakash, Agarwal, & Sharma, ; Silva, Goy, Zazo, & Bardajm, ). Stream length‐gradient index (SL‐index; Hack, ) and steepness index (ksn) are globally used to detect neotectonic movements from longitudinal stream slope profiles (Kirby & Whipple, ; Kothyari et al, , ; Whipple, Di‐Biase, & Crosby, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of neotectonic variability along major Himalayan thrusts within the Kali River basin using geomorphic markers, Central Kumaun Himalaya, India

2019

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We have analysed the geomorphic signatures in aggregation with the geomorphic indices with respect to hinterland and foreland neotectonic variability across the major Himalayan thrust system along the Kali River valley of eastern Kumaun Himalaya. The valley floor morphology in the vicinity of the major thrust gave rise to the accommodation space for the aggradation of the recent fluvial sediments. For a longitudinal distance of 212 km between the South Tibet Detachment (STD)and Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT), the valley has preserved significant aggradational landforms. These landforms have been physically examined to explain the spatial and temporal variability in phases of aggradation/incision in response to the tectonic activity during the late Quaternary. Fossil valleys and associated epigenetic gorges, cut-and-fill terraces with thick alluvial cover, debris-flow terraces, bedrock strath terraces, and alluvial fan terraces are the significant aggradational landforms observed within the valley. They provide signatures of tectonic activity and past climatic records. We have analysed various geomorphic indices, namely, stream-gradient index (SL), steepness index (Ks), hypsometric curve and index (HI), and asymmetric factor (AF) to map the spatial variability in tectonic processes across the major thrusts. The channel morphology (depth and width) of a river becomes adjusted in geological time because of long-term tectonic and erosional processes. However, the channel geometry and deviations can be highly adjustable in a tectonically disturbed mountainous region. The deviations along the river course can be attributed to active tectonic movement along thrusts/faults or because of erosion/sedimentation processes. We applied a novel method called the river Gradient Length Anomaly (GLA) for 37 subbasins of the Kali River to deduce active deformation (uplift/subsidence) corresponding to the increased sedimentation and erosional rates, both from the upstream and downstream parts of the thrusted blocks, from where river flows through. The results of basin-wise morphometric indices were corroborated with GLA anomaly and field observations, which suggests that the area has undergone active deformation between the Main Central Thrust (MCT) and Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT), which is attributed to the regional compression. The results of geomorphic and morphometric data are validated with the focal mechanisms of moderate earthquakes. The geomorphic analysis suggests that the hinterland part of eastern Kumaun is more active than the foreland region.

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Evidences of neotectonic activity along Goriganga River, Higher Central Kumaun Himalaya, India

et al. 2020

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This paper focuses on the analysis of geomorphic landform development, particularly between the Trans Himadri Fault and the Main Central Thrust including Berinag Thrust and other major NNE–SSW and NW–SE striking faults/thrusts in the Higher Central Kumaun Himalaya. Digital analysis of remote sensing data, field investigations including drainage analysis, and development of landforms have been carried out to understand the morphotectonic evolution and, thereby, the neotectonics in this region. A number of morphometric indices [(stream length‐gradient index (SL), steepness index (ks), Chi (χ)] were computed together with knick point analysis. Offsetting of the major river and tributaries was observed along a NNW–SSE direction. Other tectonic landforms, including truncated saddles and disturbed terrace patterns, show that the area is presently undergoing active deformation. The valley floor morphology in the vicinity of the major thrusts provides evidence for aggradation of recent fluvial activity. Developments of various neotectonic features, such as starth terraces, off‐streams, truncated saddles, disrupted terraces, and palaeolake deposits, are evidences for recent tectonic activities associated with the major thrusts/faults. Cut‐and‐fill terraces with thick alluvial cover, debris‐flow terraces, and alluvial fan terraces are significant aggradational landforms observed within the valley that provide signatures of past climatic records. Our study reveals that the fluvially modified debris‐flow terraces were formed between 5 and 20 ka. We infer that the major phase of valley‐fill happened between 5 and 12 ka, whereas the youngest phase of aggradation may have responded to the Holocene tectonic activity that took place around 5–6 ka. The study is significant to understand the recent geomorphic development and tectonic deformation in the study area and may be helpful for future infrastructural development in the region.

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Late Quaternary tectonic landforms and fluvial aggradation in the Saryu River valley: Central Kumaun Himalaya

Cited by 55 publications

References 45 publications

Late Quaternary deformation in parts of the Belt of Schuppen of Dimapur and Peren districts, Nagaland, NE India

Late Quaternary deformation in parts of the Belt of Schuppen of Dimapur and Peren districts, Nagaland, NE India

Evaluation of neotectonic variability along major Himalayan thrusts within the Kali River basin using geomorphic markers, Central Kumaun Himalaya, India

Evidences of neotectonic activity along Goriganga River, Higher Central Kumaun Himalaya, India

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