Late Pre-Hispanic Polities of Coastal Ecuador

McEwan, Colin; Espinoza, Florencio Delgado

doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74907-5_26

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Moreover, as Denevan (1970Denevan ( , 1992Denevan ( , 2001) and others (Denevan et al 1987;Parsons 1985;Schjellerup 1992) have emphasized that raised-field agriculture in the central Andes is not confined to the Titicaca Basin. Even on the central Andean coast, generally associated more with canal irrigation and sunken fields, Pozorski et al (1983) and Moore (1988) identified raised fields in the Casma Valley, and raised fields have been well documented in Ecuador's Guayas Basin (Denevan et al 1987;McEwan and Delgado-Espinoza 2008;Parsons 1969).…”

Section: Modified Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Landscape and Environment: Insights from the Prehispanic Central Andes

Contreras

2010

J Archaeol Res

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Attention to human-environment relationships in the central Andes has a long history. Although the area is not a neat microcosm of the globe, wholly representative of worldwide trends in the archaeology of human-environment interactions, it has been the site of both seminal investigations in archaeology and a substantial body of recent work that investigates themes of broad archaeological relevance. Specifically, central Andean environments have been variously conceived as structuring, modified, and sacred. These approaches to some extent reflect broad trends in archaeology, while also suggesting directions in which the archaeology of human-environment interactions is moving and highlighting archaeology's relevance to discussions of contemporary human-environment interactions. This article characterizes concepts that are key for describing central Andean environments and considers the ways in which the particular ecology of the central Andes has informed archaeological research in the region. The example of the central Andes highlights the importance of understanding environments as dynamic, considering both geomorphic and anthropogenic contributors to that dynamism, and examining both ecological (''environment'') and ideological (''landscape'') implications of archaeological landscapes.

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Section: Modified Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Landscape and Environment: Insights from the Prehispanic Central Andes

Contreras

2010

J Archaeol Res

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“…The history of Ecuador has long been violent. From pre-Hispanic times (circa 10,000 BC – 1534 5 ), including the few decades of Inca 6 colonization of (mainly) the highlands, around 1460, there were intergroup conflicts (McEwan & Delgado, 2008), which are assumed to have entailed forms of gendered violence (Ubelaker, 2003); for example coastal men were reported to “treat their women very badly” (Fernández de Oviedo, 1535, cited by Benavides, 2002, p. 75).…”

Section: History and Violence In Ecuadormentioning

confidence: 99%

History, violence and collective memory: Implications for mental health in Ecuador

Capella

Jadhav

2019

Transcult Psychiatry

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National histories of violence shape experiences of suffering and the ways that mental health professionals respond to them. In Ecuador, mental health literature addressing this crucial issue is scarce and little debated. In contrast, local psychiatrists and psychologists within the country face contemporary challenges that are deeply rooted in a violent colonial past and the perpetuation of its fundamental ethos. This paper critically reviews relevant literature on collective memory and historical trauma, and focuses on Ecuador as a case study on how to incorporate history into modern mental health challenges. The discussion poses key questions and outlines possible ways for Ecuador to address the link between history and mental health, including insights from countries that have struggled with their violent pasts. This paper contributes to ongoing international debate on the role of cultural history in mental health with implications for social scientists and practising clinicians in former colonised nations.

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“…En las últimas décadas, diversos proyectos han establecido un marco interpretativo cuyos ejes fundamentales han girado en torno al surgimiento y la consolidación de la agricultura y la complejidad de los diferentes procesos de jerarquización social. En este último caso, el debate ha confrontado dos propuestas que han defendido, por una parte, la identificación de sociedades de jefatura como modelo básico de organización, frente a otra perspectiva que ha sugerido la conformación de "estados", esta última predominante dentro de la arqueología ecuatoriana (Zeidler & Pearsall, 1994;Fauria, 1995;Marcos, 2005;Reitz & Masucci, 2004;McEwan & Delgado-Espinoza, 2008 profundizar en la caracterización de la fase final de la cultura Manteña-Huancavilca (s. XIII-XVI d. C.) y el proceso de reestructuración social durante la primera etapa colonial europea. La investigación tiene como ámbito central el análisis de diversos asentamientos ubicados a lo largo de una extensa franja costera de 50 km de longitud (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Espacios agrarios, asentamientos prehispánicos y tecnología LiDAR en el área costera central del Ecuador

Priego

Olmo-Enciso

Labrada-Ochoa³

et al. 2021

Virtual archaeol. rev.

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The use of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology has revolutionised pre-Hispanic archaeology in large tracts of Central America (Canuto et. al. 2018; Fisher et al. 2016; Garrison et al. 2019; Chase & Weishampel, 2016). This contribution is particularly significant in areas in which jungles and a complex orography had precluded the implementation of large-scale landscape archaeology studies.Although this technology has not been used in South America as intensively as in Central America (Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras, among others), LiDAR is beginning to be used to answer questions concerning the interaction between the landscape, pre-Hispanic societies and their economic exploitation strategies (Amazonia, Peru) (Van Valkenburg et al., 2020). This work analyses one of the most important archaeological areas in central Ecuador, Cerros de Hojas-Jaboncillo (Figs. 1 & 2), which has traditionally been identified as a major centre of the Manteña culture. This culture spanned the current provinces of Manabí, Santa Elena and Guayas between the 8th and 15th centuries AD.Although the site was discovered in the early 20th century (Saville, 1907 & 1910; Estrada, 1957) on the slopes and summits of the Chongón-Colonche and Balzar hills range (formerly called Sierra de Bálsamo), it has not been until recent moments that the characterization of its extension, its spatial conformation, as well as the main geoarchaeological characteristics of the site have begun to be possible (López, 2008; Delgado, 2009; Tobar, 2012; Lunniss, 2012; Veintimilla-Bustamante, 2012). The limitations of previous studies were largely due to the prevalence of thick sub-tropical forests, whose trees are sometimes 14 m tall.In 2016, a large-scale LiDAR flight covering 147.78 km² at a density of 9 ppm² has revealed the main features of the archaeological complex, including various sites that illustrate a multi-nuclear settlement pattern (Figs. 5, 8 & 10). The study suggests that settlements, between 0.5 and 3 ha in size (Fig. 8), followed a common pattern, standing on small long hilltop plateaus. The complexes were visually connected and were linked by a road network.There is little doubt that one of the most important discoveries concerns the relationship between archaeological sites and complex agrarian systems, which point to the exploitation of wide areas. These had irrigation systems that involved rainwater retention and water resources maximisation (Figs. 6 & 8). The system made intensive rainwater use during the humid season (December-May); it also took advantage of the coastal mists that ensure precipitations on the hilltops.At the same time, the LiDAR survey has established differences between the settlement pattern in the north-eastern sector, in which the interaction between settlements and the agro-system is not so obvious, and the south-western sector, whose settlements are clearly related to wide terraced systems.These results will allow for comparisons between Cerros de Hojas-Jaboncillo and other known Manteño sites, such as Japotó (Bouchard, 2010), Agua Blanca (McEwan & Silva, 1992) and Ligüiqui. All of them point to the continued occupation of the same areas, and the continuity of some sites at least between the Guangala period (500 BC.-600 AD) and the late Manteño period (12th-15th centuries), as seen in Salango and its territory (Béarez, Gay & Lunniss, 2012).Most research in the 20th century has argued for an increase in social complexity during the classic Manteño period (8th-11th centuries), following a diffusionist explanatory pattern (Estrada, 1957). However, the LiDAR analysis of the Cerros de Hojas-Jaboncillo site points to prolonged periods of stable management of the environment, a response to the need to make use of the available resources. Archaeology, through large-scale landscape studies and the in-depth characterisation of sites through wide-ranging sampling methodologies can contribute to answering the question as to whether environmental management led to the formation of a “Manteño state” or whether this society can be better defined as a chiefdom (Touchard-Houlbert, 2010).Highlights:<ul><li>The study focused on the LiDAR research of the Cerro de Hojas-Jaboncillo, the most important pre-Hispanic site in the Manabi province (Ecuador).</li><li>LiDAR technology has allowed users to identify an intense occupation in a forest area, where until now, it was impossible to detect archaeological structures.</li><li>The study has established the close relationship between the pre-Hispanic occupation model and the use of complex irrigation systems.</li></ul>

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Late Pre-Hispanic Polities of Coastal Ecuador

Cited by 13 publications

References 12 publications

Landscape and Environment: Insights from the Prehispanic Central Andes

Landscape and Environment: Insights from the Prehispanic Central Andes

History, violence and collective memory: Implications for mental health in Ecuador

Espacios agrarios, asentamientos prehispánicos y tecnología LiDAR en el área costera central del Ecuador

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