Late postnatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection from mothers to infants in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Karlsson, Katarina; Massawe, Augustine; Urassa, Ernest J.N.; Kawo, G.; Msemo, Georgina; Kazimoto, Theodora; Lyamuya, Eligius; Mbena, E.; Urassa, Willy; Bredberg-Rådén, Ulla; Mhalu, Fred; Biberfeld, Gunnel

doi:10.1097/00006454-199710000-00012

Cited by 30 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Over the past few years, many studies have been conducted to improve our understanding of HIV and breastfeeding, to understand better the risk factors for HIV transmission through breastfeeding and to understand the ways to make breastfeeding safer in HIV infected women (Van de Perre et al, 1991;Ekpini et al, 1997;Karlsson et al, 1997;Kreiss 1997). In untreated women who continue breastfeeding after the first year, the absolute risk of transmission through breastfeeding is 10 -20% (Working Group, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV at Maiduguri, Nigeria

Chama

Audu

Kyari

2004

Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology

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The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can be transmitted vertically through the placenta in utero, during labour and delivery and through breast milk. In Nigeria, about 5.8% of women attending antenatal clinics were HIV infected as of December 2002. It was projected that by the end of the year 2002, there were about 849,000 orphans resulting from AIDS and about 755,000 established paediatric AIDS in this country. Interventions to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV include voluntary counselling and testing (VCT), administration of antiretroviral drugs (ARV), modification of obstetric practices and infant feeding options in HIV infection. Over the period July 2002-June 2003, 262 pregnant women received VCT at the antenatal clinic of the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, and 207 (79%) agreed to be tested. Thirty-one (11.8%) were HIV positive. The majority of the HIV positive mothers received nevirapine in labour while 35% had combination ARV drugs in pregnancy. All the infants received nevirapine suspension within 72 hours of delivery. Expensive and slow testing facilities, insufficient and inconsistent counsellors, lack of ARV drugs for both mother and baby as well as unaffordable caesarean delivery were some of the constraints being faced at this centre. It is recommended that the governments at various levels should show more commitment to the programme of preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV at Maiduguri, Nigeria

Chama

Audu

Kyari

2004

Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology

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“…No case of late transmission occurred in HIV-2-infected mothers. A similar study in Dar-esSalaam with PCR and p24 antigen tests found that 8 (6%) of 139 uninfected children converted after 11 months of age [56].…”

Section: Breast-feedingmentioning

confidence: 75%

Infections in children

Hart¹,

Smyth

Duerden

1998

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN 945 Table 3 shows the results of five studies in which infants were either breast-fed or given artificial milk. Overall there is an association with breast-feeding, but the numbers of breast-fed infants in the four studies from industrialised countries are low. The South African study has sufficient numbers in each group to show a significant difference and has an excess of 17% in the breast-fed group.

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“…Late postnatal transmission (LPT), defined as HIV-1 seroconversion of infants after 4 weeks (28 days) of age, is most likely attributable to breastfeeding. 10,49,50 For reasons still unbeknownst to researchers, LPT is higher in male infants. 10 In South Africa, Coutsoudis et al have shown that exclusive breastfeeding during the first 3 months of life yielded a significantly lower risk of MTCT of HIV-1 than mixed feeding and demonstrated similar risk to no breastfeeding.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Infection Of the Breastfed Infantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative Modified Infant-Feeding Practices to Prevent Postnatal Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Through Breast Milk: Past, Present, and Future

2006

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Preventing mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) through breastfeeding is important to reduce the number of infected children. Research on making breastfeeding safer is a high priority. The authors reviewed the attempts to develop alternative methods, other than antiretroviral (ARV) therapy of mothers and/or babies, to decontaminate breast milk of infectious HIV-1 (free and associated with lymphocytes). They also review how these methods affect milk constituents, as well as their current and prospective status. A PubMed search for English publications on methods to prevent MTCT through breast milk was completed. Methods that have been tested, other than systemicuse or ARV or immunoprophylaxis, to reduce or prevent MTCT of HIV-1 through breast milk were broadly classified into 5 groups: (1) modified feeding practices, (2) heat treatment of milk, (3) lipolysis, (4) antimicrobial treatment of the breastfeeding mother, and (5) microbicidal treatment of infected milk. Their advantages and disadvantages are discussed, as well as future directions in the prevention of MTCT through breastfeeding.

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Late postnatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection from mothers to infants in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Cited by 30 publications

References 19 publications

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV at Maiduguri, Nigeria

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV at Maiduguri, Nigeria

Infections in children

Alternative Modified Infant-Feeding Practices to Prevent Postnatal Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Through Breast Milk: Past, Present, and Future

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