Late Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and differentiation of modern humans

Ambrose, Stanley H.

doi:10.1006/jhev.1998.0219

Cited by 588 publications

(249 citation statements)

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“…Em resumo, do ponto de vista da genética-populacional clássica e atual, razões extremamente específicas e agudas são necessárias para que uma população biológica (incluindo as humanas) sofra perda significativa de variabilidade (Relethford & Harpending, 1995; para um exemplo catastrófico há cerca de 70 mil anos, ver Ambrose, 1998). O único cenário possível de ocasionar perda significativa de variabilidade entre os humanos é a justaposição entre grandes catástrofes planetárias, seguidas de isolamento reprodutivo completo por parte de pequenas populações locais, seja por barreiras geográficas intransponíveis, seja pela extinção total de outras populações coespecíficas -o caso da explosão do vulcão Toba na Indonésia há 70 mil anos que produziu um "inverno nuclear" de cerca de cinco anos em todo o Velho Mundo, conforme Ambrose (1998).…”

Section: Conclusões E Considerações Finaisunclassified

“…O único cenário possível de ocasionar perda significativa de variabilidade entre os humanos é a justaposição entre grandes catástrofes planetárias, seguidas de isolamento reprodutivo completo por parte de pequenas populações locais, seja por barreiras geográficas intransponíveis, seja pela extinção total de outras populações coespecíficas -o caso da explosão do vulcão Toba na Indonésia há 70 mil anos que produziu um "inverno nuclear" de cerca de cinco anos em todo o Velho Mundo, conforme Ambrose (1998).…”

Section: Conclusões E Considerações Finaisunclassified

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O mito da homogeneidade biológica na população paleoíndia de Lagoa Santa: implicações antropológicas

Neves¹,

Atui²

2004

Rev. Antropol.

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RESUMO: Desde sua primeira descoberta entre 1842 e 1843, pelo naturalista dinamarquês Peter W. Lund, os remanescentes ósseos humanos de Lagoa Santa, Brasil Central, estavam destinados a impactar de forma indelével os estudos sobre as origens dos primeiros americanos. Entre sua primeira descoberta e a década de 1970, a palavra homogeneidade biológica foi sempre aplicada a esses remanescentes como sinônimo de identidade biológica populacional. Mello e Alvim (1977; ver também Mello e Alvim et al., 1983Alvim et al., -1984) associou a esse termo um novo significado: o de que tal população apresentava uma diversidade biológica extremamente reduzida, quando comparada a outras populações humanas, tendo sugerido, a partir daí, que a população antiga de Lagoa Santa teria sido formada originalmente por poucos indivíduos e vivido de forma isolada de outras populações contemporâ-neas. Essa sugestão teve grande impacto na comunidade arqueológica brasileira, levando alguns arqueólogos a tentar compreender certos aspectos da cultura material e da organização social desses primeiros americanos da perspectiva do isolamento. Neste trabalho demonstramos, com a ajuda de cál-culos simples sobre quantificação em antropologia, disponíveis na literatura há pelo menos um século, que a proposta de Mello e Alvim (1977) não resiste nem mesmo a uma análise superficial dos dados disponíveis sobre a variabilidade craniométrica desses primeiros americanos. Contrariamente à proposta daquela autora, a população paleoíndia tardia de Lagoa Santa está entre as populações humanas mundiais mais diversas biologicamente.

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Section: Conclusões E Considerações Finaisunclassified

O mito da homogeneidade biológica na população paleoíndia de Lagoa Santa: implicações antropológicas

Neves¹,

Atui²

2004

Rev. Antropol.

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“…However, the ability to learn and adapt does not necessarily lead to the runaway growth of cultural innovation. As a prime example, anatomically modern humans first appeared in Africa between 160 and 200 kya (kya = thousand years ago; McBrearty et al 2000;White et al 2003;McDougall et al 2005), and had spread to most of the habitable parts of the globe between 90 and 40 kya (Ambrose 1998;Ray et al 2005). Yet the appearance of agriculture and the comparatively rapid growth of culture, technology, and population size only occurred around 11 kya.…”

Section: Innovation Environment and Population Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Human Cumulative Cultural Evolution as a Form of Distributed Computation

Smaldino

Richerson

2013

Handbook of Human Computation

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Abstract:Cumulative culture is the engine that drives the remarkable power of the global human computer. It enables societies to act as extremely powerful computers by ratcheting up technological and other cultural innovations. Once culture can accumulate, the ability of a society to maintain and spread complex technologies is directly related to the size of the population and its connectivity with other populations, finessing the strict limits on individual intelligence. Larger and more connected societies can maintain more complex technologies. This also means that sudden isolation or a drop in population size can lead to a loss of technology. In this chapter we first discuss how cumulative culture increases the evolutionary fitness of a population of social learners. We then focus on complex technology as a marker of cumulative cultural evolution, and discuss how technological complexity increases when cultures are both more populous and more connected. We discuss the fragility of our modern complex societies in response to disasters that may shrink the population or isolate groups. We end with a discussion of how our cultural norms and institutions shape the problems tackled by the global human computer.

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“…The data from East Africa are consistent with an early modern population expansion in the beginning of the Late Pleistocene. However, they are too few to answer the question, posed by Ambrose (1998b) in his argument on the effects of the Toba eruption, whether these tropical central and eastern areas were a main reservoir of African populations in the Late Pleistocene.…”

Section: Environments and Population Archaeologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Humanity from African Naissance to Coming Millennia

Tobias¹,

Raath²,

Moggi‐Cecchi³

et al. 2001

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The first 2.5 million years of hominid history is characterized by limited dispersals similar to those of the living great apes whose home range sizes very little between years. Unlike our closest relative Pan, who are particulary vulnerable during dispersal because the distribution of their resources is highly habitat specific and predation takes a relatively higher toll than it does in r-selected animals, hominids are widely dispersed after 1.8 Ma. Hominid dispersal must have entailed either a shift in the types of resources exploited or a technological advance to ensure resource availability or both. Using data from ecology, geochronology, morphology, and paleontology we assess the initial hominid dispersal from Africa and the relationship to patterns of dispersal in nonhuman primates and large mammals of both 'widely dispersing' and 'non-dispersing' species. The dispersal rates of Plio/Pleistocene hominids differ from those of nonhuman primates and are typical of widely-dispersing large mammals. In fact, H. erectus first appears in Java almost immediately after its appearence in Africa, yet its first appearence in Java is contemporaneous with that of Colobus, Macaca, and Pongo that had already inhabited mainland Asia for millions of years. Although the timing of the first hominid dispersal pre-dates significant technological advances, the energy required by larger hominid body/brain sizes suggest a shift to exploitation of highprotein packages that, according to correlation between faunal and chronometric sequences, is itself dispersing. These data suggest that it is at the origin of H. erectus (sensu lato) that our uniquely human dispersal capabilities began to emerge and that this dispersal is not primarily due to the technological innovation of the Acheulean tradition. IntroductionThe global distribution of Homo sapiens contrasts with the restricted ranges of our closest living primate relative, Pan. Yet for some three million years after our lineages diverged, both were apparently exclusively African phenomena, as Pan remains today. These current biogeographic differences are reflected in home range (HR) sizes that are some 15 to 100 times greater in recent human huntergatherers than in Pan. (23 hectares in Pan, 330-2600 in humans; Leonard and Robertson, 2000). Although an extensive literature considers the significance of the behavioral repertoire that allows the final, relatively late, dispersal of Homo sapiens into Australasia, North and South America, and Siberia (e.g., Lindly & Clark, 1990;Roberts et al., 1991; Davidson & Noble, 1992; Jelinek, 1994; Waters et al., 1997), the origin of this difference in dispersal patterns is not well understood.The original hominid dispersal from Africa has been viewed as a largely hominid (technologically) driven rather than ecologically driven phenomenon. Such scenarios are based on the idea that widely dispersed ex-African hominids are not found before 1.0 ma (Pope, 1983) or are not found before the development of the Acheulean (Wolpoff, 1999), and thus that th...

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Late Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and differentiation of modern humans

Cited by 588 publications

References 116 publications

O mito da homogeneidade biológica na população paleoíndia de Lagoa Santa: implicações antropológicas

O mito da homogeneidade biológica na população paleoíndia de Lagoa Santa: implicações antropológicas

Human Cumulative Cultural Evolution as a Form of Distributed Computation

Humanity from African Naissance to Coming Millennia

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