Late Ordovician mass extinction: A new perspective from stratigraphic sections in central Nevada

Finney, Stanley C.; Berry, William B. N.; Cooper, John D.; Ripperdan, Robert L.; Sweet, Walter C.; Jacobson, Steven R.; Soufiane, Azzedine; Achab, A.; Noble, Paula J.

doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0215:lomean>2.3.co;2

Cited by 176 publications

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“…triggered by abiotic, environmental perturbations of the graptolite ecosystem related to rapid changes in the marine climate (13,28,29). The link between Ordovician−Silurian evolutionary dynamics of the marine fauna and global climatic events is well supported (30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36), especially for the LOME and the Sheinwoodian climatic− evolutionary events and their accompanying perturbations in the carbon cycle.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…The change in age selectivity mode suggests that, like the selectively neutral fields, the LOME did not result simply from scaled up background extinction (39,41). The LOME marks the largest depletion in species diversity (77% loss) in the history of the clade and the complete, or near-complete, removal of many long-standing families, genera, and species, including the Diplograptidae, Climacograptidae, and Dicranograptidae (27,28). It was associated with major positive excursions in the carbon isotope (δ 13 C carb ) ratio (25,29,42), global continental glaciation (43,44), changes in oceanic circulation, water mass properties, and microphytoplankton populations (42,45), and the deep-water graptoloid biotope was severely degraded or destroyed (13,29).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Greenhouse−icehouse transition in the Late Ordovician marks a step change in extinction regime in the marine plankton

Crampton

Cooper

Sadler

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Two distinct regimes of extinction dynamic are present in the major marine zooplankton group, the graptolites, during the Ordovician and Silurian periods (486−418 Ma). In conditions of "background" extinction, which dominated in the Ordovician, taxonomic evolutionary rates were relatively low and the probability of extinction was highest among newly evolved species ("background extinction mode"). A sharp change in extinction regime in the Late Ordovician marked the onset of repeated severe spikes in the extinction rate curve; evolutionary turnover increased greatly in the Silurian, and the extinction mode changed to include extinction that was independent of species age ("high-extinction mode"). This change coincides with a change in global climate, from greenhouse to icehouse conditions. During the most extreme episode of extinction, the Late Ordovician Mass Extinction, old species were selectively removed ("mass extinction mode"). Our analysis indicates that selective regimes in the Paleozoic ocean plankton switched rapidly (generally in <0.5 My) from one mode to another in response to environmental change, even when restoration of the full ecosystem was much slower (several million years). The patterns observed are not a simple consequence of geographic range effects or of taxonomic changes from Ordovician to Silurian. Our results suggest that the dominant primary controls on extinction throughout the lifespan of this clade were abiotic (environmental), probably mediated by the microphytoplankton.T he importance of the marine plankton in both the carbon cycle and in the food web that supports the diversity of marine life is undisputed. However, the evolutionary dynamics of planktic species and the factors controlling their diversity and evolutionary turnover are still poorly known (1, 2). This is particularly so for the Paleozoic, where problems of preservation and sampling bias, and poor time resolution, have precluded detailed analysis. How does the marine plankton respond to environmental perturbations arising from climate change over geological time? How does background extinction differ from episodic and mass extinction in the pelagic realm? Is the risk of plankton species extinction dependent on the amount of time since the species originated (3)? These questions have important implications for macroevolutionary process, stability of marine ecosystems, and modern biodiversity conservation (3-5). Here, using a new global data set of unparalleled temporal resolution, we attempt to answer these questions.The graptoloid clade (order Graptoloidea) constituted the main component of the early Paleozoic macrozooplankton from the beginning of the Ordovician to the Early Devonian (6). Graptoloids were colonial filter-feeding protochordates, generally ranging from a few millimeteres up to ∼200 mm in maximum dimension, which lived suspended in the water column in a range of depth zones. They have been used extensively for correlation and zonation (7-10), and the stratigraphic distributions of species are well docum...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Greenhouse−icehouse transition in the Late Ordovician marks a step change in extinction regime in the marine plankton

Crampton

Cooper

Sadler

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Glacial conditions were established initially "in the early extraordinarius Zone" [Sutcliffe et al, 2000, p. 968] (Late Ordovician Series, Stage and graptolite Zone correlations are indicated in table I). Impacts of glaciation and related sea-level fall on organismal extinctions have been described in a number of studies, among them are those of Brenchley [1989], Brenchley et al [1995], Chen Xu et al [2000], Finney et al [1997Finney et al [ , 1999, Sutcliffe et al [2000] as well as those in Kraft and Fatka [1999]. Glaciation and related en-vironmental changes continued throughout the extraordinarius zone into the persculptus zone, ending during the persculptus zone [Finney et al, 1999;Sutcliffe et al, 2000].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These strata probably accumulated under an oxygen minimum zone [see Finney et al, 1999]. Strata in the uppermost pacificus zone change gradationally upward into brown mudstones which have less organic content than the subjacent black mudstones.…”

Section: Slope Faciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3, 4) formed on a slope forming the margin of the Laurentian platform. The Vinini succession bears Dicellograptus complanatus ornatus, Paraorthograptus pacificus, Normalograptus extraordinarius and Persculptograptus persculptus zone graptolites, A. ordovicicus zone conodonts, and certain chitinozoans similar to those in the Plocken Formation [Finney et al, 1999;Sweet, 2000;Soufiane and Achab, 2000].…”

Section: Slope Faciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Late Ordovician environmental changes in Carnic Alps and central Nevada : a comparative study

Berry

2003

Bulletin De La Société Géologique De France

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Abstract. -Correlation of the late Ordovician stratigraphic and faunal successions in the Carnic Alps, which lay in a mid-latitude site at the time, with those in Nevada, which was in the tropics at the time, reveal certain similarities. During much of the late Ordovician glacial interval, deep shelves in both areas were sites of carbonate debris flow accumulations. The debris was derived from inner or shallow shelf environments. Karst topographies developed in inner or shallow shelves in both areas during the later phase of glaciation and sea level drawdown. A quartz sand spread widely at the end of the glacial interval on deep shelf-slope environments in both areas. Perhaps coincidently, shelves in both areas were uplifted and exposed by tectonism after the late Ordovician glacial episode. Résumé. -La comparaison entre les successions stratigraphiques et les enregistrements fauniques de l'Ordovicien terminal des Alpes carniques (situés en paléolatitudes moyennes) et ceux du Nevada (en paléolatitudes tropicales) présente certaines similitudes. Durant la majorité de l'intervalle glaciaire fini-ordovicien, les deux secteurs géographiques sont représentés par des plates-formes profondes dont la sédimentation dominante était composée de « debris flow », transportés depuis des environnements de plate-forme interne ou peu profonde. La dernière phase glaciaire et la chute finale du niveau de la mer ont favorisé une intense karstification dans les domaines de plates-formes, internes ou peu profondes. Dans les environnements profonds des plates-formes, cet intervalle est caractérisé par la mise en place d'un dépôt sableux largement répandu à la faveur de ruptures de pente et de talus. Les plates-formes des deux secteurs ont peut-être subi une remontée isostatique et ont ensuite été exondés par des processus tectoniques après l'épisode glaciaire fini-ordovicien. Changements environnementaux dans les

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Brachiopod survival and recovery from the latest Ordovician mass extinctions in South China

Jiayu

Harper

1999

Geol. J.

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Late Ordovician mass extinction: A new perspective from stratigraphic sections in central Nevada

Cited by 176 publications

References 0 publications

Greenhouse−icehouse transition in the Late Ordovician marks a step change in extinction regime in the marine plankton

Greenhouse−icehouse transition in the Late Ordovician marks a step change in extinction regime in the marine plankton

Late Ordovician environmental changes in Carnic Alps and central Nevada : a comparative study

Brachiopod survival and recovery from the latest Ordovician mass extinctions in South China

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