Late Middle to Late Ordovician seismites of Kentucky, southwest Ohio and Virginia: Sedimentary recorders of earthquakes in the Appalachian basin

Liquefaction and fluidization structures in Messinian storm deposits (Bajo Segura Basin, Betic Cordillera, southern Spain)

“…Amongst the principal trigger mechanisms are earthquakes, tsunamis, overloading and storm waves. Several studies have been carried out that discuss criteria for identifying the trigger mechanism of sedimentary deformation structures, especially those of seismic origin (see Leeder 1987;Ringrose 1989;Obermeier 1996;Owen 1996;Moretti 1997;Pope et al 1997;Moretti et al 1999). However, in the majority of cases, identification of a single trigger mechanism is difficult and uncertain.…”

Sedimentary Facies and Soft-sediment Deformation Structures in the Late Miocene-Pliocene Middle Siwalik Subgroup, Eastern Himalaya, Darjiling District, India

“…From a single structure it is almost impossible to specify seismicity as the trigger event, but many workers have summarized some collective attributes of the soft-sediment deformation features for such an interpretation. These include the presence of soft-sediment deformation structures in discrete sediment horizons (Mazumder et al 2006 and references therein), lateral continuity of such beds (Obermeier, 1996), their vertical repetition within a succession (Mazumder et al 2006), 2 presence of bounding undeformed beds (Sims 1973(Sims , 1975, presence of various softsediment deformation structures together (Kleverlaan, 1987;Obermeier, 1996;Pope et al 1997;Rosetti and Góes, 2000), association with sedimentary breccias, conglomerate and massive sandstone (Mazumder et al 2006), and deviation of palaeocurrent indicators from the normal palaeoflow pattern (Mazumder et al 2006). According to Wheeler (2002), there will always be some degree of uncertainty about the seismic origin of soft sediment deformation structures because other causes for formation of similar structures cannot be easily ruled out.…”

Paleoseismic investigation along Nalagarh Thrust: Evidence of Late Pleistocene earthquake in Pinjaur Dun, Northwestern sub-Himalaya

“…Such kind of intrusions develop during seismic shaking when water and sediment (generally sand) flow from depth into fissures along the base of an overlying fine-grained cap. The soft-sediment deformation structures, which are basically the secondary effects of an earthquake generally include seismic micro-fractures, micro-corrugated laminations, liquefied veins, 'vibrated liquefied layers', deformed cross laminations and convolute laminations, load structures, flame structures, brecciation and slump structures (Tuttle and Seeber, 1991;Pope et al, 1997). Associated with liquefaction features, water escape structures are also contemporaneously developed during the seismic event.…”