Late generated neurons in the medial cortex of adult lizards send axons that reach the Timm-reactive zones

López‐García, Carlos; Molowny, A.; García‐Verdugo, José Manuel; Martínez-Guijarro, Francisco-José; Bernabeu, Álvaro

doi:10.1016/0165-3806(90)90050-9

Cited by 43 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…However, there is a considerable species difference in the number of cells that migrate along radial glia. In the cortex of the tropical lizard Tropidurus, less than 30% of the proliferating cells migrate along radial glia in contrast to 90% in the European lizard Podacris (Lopez-Garcia et al 1990;Marchioro et al 2005). It takes 1-2 weeks for the cells to migrate and differentiate into neurons in the cortex of Podarcis and Tropidurus (Lopez-Garcia et al 1990;Ramirez-Castillejo et al 2002;Marchioro et al 2005).…”

Section: (D) Reptilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proliferation, neurogenesis and regeneration in the non-mammalian vertebrate brain

Kaslin

Ganz

Brand

2007

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

318

302

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Post-embryonic neurogenesis is a fundamental feature of the vertebrate brain. However, the level of adult neurogenesis decreases significantly with phylogeny. In the first part of this review, a comparative analysis of adult neurogenesis and its putative roles in vertebrates are discussed. Adult neurogenesis in mammals is restricted to two telencephalic constitutively active zones. On the contrary, non-mammalian vertebrates display a considerable amount of adult neurogenesis in many brain regions. The phylogenetic differences in adult neurogenesis are poorly understood. However, a common feature of vertebrates (fish, amphibians and reptiles) that display a widespread adult neurogenesis is the substantial post-embryonic brain growth in contrast to birds and mammals. It is probable that the adult neurogenesis in fish, frogs and reptiles is related to the coordinated growth of sensory systems and corresponding sensory brain regions. Likewise, neurons are substantially added to the olfactory bulb in smell-oriented mammals in contrast to more visually oriented primates and songbirds, where much fewer neurons are added to the olfactory bulb. The second part of this review focuses on the differences in brain plasticity and regeneration in vertebrates. Interestingly, several recent studies show that neurogenesis is suppressed in the adult mammalian brain. In mammals, neurogenesis can be induced in the constitutively neurogenic brain regions as well as ectopically in response to injury, disease or experimental manipulations. Furthermore, multipotent progenitor cells can be isolated and differentiated in vitro from several otherwise silent regions of the mammalian brain. This indicates that the potential to recruit or generate neurons in non-neurogenic brain areas is not completely lost in mammals. The level of adult neurogenesis in vertebrates correlates with the capacity to regenerate injury, for example fish and amphibians exhibit the most widespread adult neurogenesis and also the greatest capacity to regenerate central nervous system injuries. Studying these phenomena in non-mammalian vertebrates may greatly increase our understanding of the mechanisms underlying regeneration and adult neurogenesis. Understanding mechanisms that regulate endogenous proliferation and neurogenic permissiveness in the adult brain is of great significance in therapeutical approaches for brain injury and disease.

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Section: (D) Reptilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proliferation, neurogenesis and regeneration in the non-mammalian vertebrate brain

Kaslin

Ganz

Brand

2007

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

318

302

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“…In youngadult rats newly generated granule neurones extend axons that reach the zinc-positive stratum lucidum of the CA3 hippocampal region (Stanfield andTrice 1988, Hastings and. In adult lizards, the postnatally generated neurones differentiate into ultrastructurally normal neurones and extend their axons to the normal target areas in the zinc-enriched synaptic fields of the cortex (Lopez-Garcia et al 1990a). It is likely that new neurones participate in the formation of trace memories , Shors et al 2001) and thus increase spatial memory performance.…”

Section: Migration and Maturation Of Newly Generated Neuronesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The lizard cerebral cortex as a model to study neuronal regeneration

López‐García

Molowny

Nácher

et al. 2002

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

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The medial cerebral cortex of lizards, an area homologous to the hippocampal fascia dentata, shows delayed postnatal neurogenesis, i.e., cells in the medial cortex ependyma proliferate and give rise to immature neurons, which migrate to the cell layer. There, recruited neurons differentiate and give rise to zinc containing axons directed to the rest of cortical areas, thus resulting in a continuous growth of the medial cortex and its zincenriched axonal projection. This happens along the lizard life span, even in adult lizards, thus allowing one of their most important characteristics: neuronal regeneration. Experiments in our laboratory have shown that chemical lesion of the medial cortex (affecting up to 95% of its neurons) results in a cascade of events: first, massive neuronal death and axonal-dendritic retraction and, secondly, triggered ependymal-neuroblast proliferation and subsequent neo-histogenesis and regeneration of an almost new medial cortex, indistinguishable from a normal undamaged one. This is the only case to our knowledge of the regeneration of an amniote central nervous centre by new neuron production and neo-histogenesis. Thus the lizard cerebral cortex is a good model to study neuronal regeneration and the complex factors that regulate its neurogenetic, migratory and neo-synaptogenetic events.

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“…The production of new cells in birds and reptiles is restricted primarily to the ependymal VZ of the lateral ventricle (Alvarez-Buylla et al, 1990;Lopez-Garcia et al, 1988;Lopez-Garcia et al, 1990). Reptilian ependymal cells lining the ventricular wall proliferate continuously, generating new neurons that integrate into established circuits (Lopez-Garcia et al, 2002;Marchioro et al, 2005).…”

Section: Proliferationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While neurogenesis coincides with neuron death in birds (Barnea and Nottebohm, 1994;Barnea and Nottebohm, 1996) and mammals (Hastings and Gould, 2003), no studies have directly linked naturally occurring neuronal degeneration or apoptosis to neurogenesis in reptiles (Barker et al, 2011;Lopez-Garcia et al, 1990). …”

Section: Survivalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proliferation, Migration, and Survival of Cells in the Telencephalon of the Ball Python, Python Regius

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Late generated neurons in the medial cortex of adult lizards send axons that reach the Timm-reactive zones

Cited by 43 publications

References 21 publications

Proliferation, neurogenesis and regeneration in the non-mammalian vertebrate brain

Proliferation, neurogenesis and regeneration in the non-mammalian vertebrate brain

The lizard cerebral cortex as a model to study neuronal regeneration

Proliferation, Migration, and Survival of Cells in the Telencephalon of the Ball Python, Python Regius

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