“…Our results provide some potential insights into the role of topology in object representation. Previous work showed that topological class is processed earlier in vision (e.g., Chen, 1985 ), earlier in development (e.g., Chen et al, 2003 ; Chien et al, 2012 ; but see also Tang et al, 2021 ), and plays a significant role in the way objects are represented, tracked, and attended to across the lifespan (e.g., Baillargeon et al, 2012 ; He et al, 2015 ; Hespos & Baillargeon, 2001a , 2001b , 2006 ; Kibbe & Leslie, 2016 ; Rips, 2020 ; Wang et al, 2005 ; Wei et al, 2019 ; Wolfe & Horowitz, 2017 ; Zhou et al, 2010 ; Zhuo et al, 2003 ). Our results suggest that objects’ topological properties may also play a role in the formation of object categories, but topology does not necessarily take precedence over surface features in the extension of labels.…”