Lasing characteristics of low-threshold oxide confinement InGaAs-GaAlAs vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Hayashi, Yusuke; Mukaihara, T.; Hatori, Nobuaki; Ohnoki, N.; Matsutani, Akihiro; Koyama, Fumio; Iga, Kenichi

doi:10.1109/68.473456

Cited by 43 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Thus, in all three layers, (1) holds for the total field. In (1), we introduce the following notational convention: (2) and analogous relations for the other coefficients.…”

Section: B the Active Region And Formulation Of The Cavity Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detailed study of AlAs-oxidized apertures in VCSEL cavities for optimized modal performance

Demeulenaere

Bienstman

Dhoedt

et al. 1999

IEEE J. Quantum Electron.

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Abstract-We present a numerical optical model for calculating threshold material gain in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. It is based on a vectorial solution of Maxwell's equations and therefore gives exact results where other approaches fail, e.g., in the case of oxide-confined devices, which have high lateral index contrasts. Results are given concerning the influence of oxide window thickness and position on threshold gain and modal stability. We also propose an intuitive plane-wave model to enhance the physical understanding of these effects.

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“…Thus, in all three layers, (1) holds for the total field. In (1), we introduce the following notational convention: (2) and analogous relations for the other coefficients.…”

Section: B the Active Region And Formulation Of The Cavity Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In many respects, these devices now outperform traditional edge-emitting lasers. Oxide-confined VCSEL's have been demonstrated with extremely low threshold currents [1], [2] and record high wall plug efficiencies [3]. Low operating voltages [4] as well as very high fabrication yields [5] have been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detailed study of AlAs-oxidized apertures in VCSEL cavities for optimized modal performance

Demeulenaere

Bienstman

Dhoedt

et al. 1999

IEEE J. Quantum Electron.

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“…The design goal for all of them is to create smaller active-region volumes and improve carrier and optical confinement, which in turn decreases the threshold current. 12,13 A lower threshold current means that less heat will be dissipated in the material and thermal lensing effects will be minimized. Thermal lensing causes an optical gradient in the distributed Bragg reflectors ͑DBRs͒ and causes amplitude and polarization distortion under modulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polarization and spectral properties of ion-implanted and oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

et al. 2002

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We conduct a comparative study of polarization properties of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) from various sources, fabricated either by ion implantation or by the oxide-confinement method. An integrated test bench (ITB) for photonic devices is used to characterize the VCSELs. The ITB setup enabled simultaneous monitoring of the polarization state, transverse modes, wavelength spectrum, and optical power of the VCSELs under test. VCSELs commonly exhibit polarization noise, switching, and instability. The polarization behavior and related modal properties of various VCSELs are investigated based on aperture size, geometry, and fabrication processes. From the cw and pulsed pumping data, a general trend and inherent behavior is identified and polarization-related limitations are discussed.

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“…3,8) The invention of oxide-confined VCSELs 9) made great impacts for low thresholds and high power-conversion efficiencies of over 50%. [10][11][12][13] The standard wavelength of commercial VCSELs has been 850 nm. A lot of efforts on long wavelength VCSELs in 1300 and 1550 nm VCSELs have been made for longer link lengths in single-mode fibers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances and new functions of VCSEL photonics

Koyama

2014

OPT REV

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A vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) was born in Japan. The 37 years' research and developments opened up various applications including datacom, sensors, optical interconnects, spectroscopy, optical storages, printers, laser displays, laser radar, atomic clock and high power sources. A lot of unique features have been already proven, such as low power consumption, a wafer level testing and so on. The market of VCSELs has been growing up rapidly and they are now key devices in local area networks based on multi-mode optical fibers. Optical interconnections in data centers and supercomputers are attracting much interest. In this paper, the advances on VCSEL photonics will be reviewed. We present the high-speed modulation of VCSELs based on a coupled cavity structure. For further increase in transmission capacity per fiber, the wavelength engineering of VCSEL arrays is discussed, which includes the wavelength stabilization and wavelength tuning based on a micro-machined cantilever structure. We also address a lateral integration platform and new functions, including high-resolution beam scanner, vortex beam creation and large-port free space wavelength selective switch with a Bragg reflector waveguide.

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Lasing characteristics of low-threshold oxide confinement InGaAs-GaAlAs vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Cited by 43 publications

References 5 publications

Detailed study of AlAs-oxidized apertures in VCSEL cavities for optimized modal performance

Detailed study of AlAs-oxidized apertures in VCSEL cavities for optimized modal performance

Polarization and spectral properties of ion-implanted and oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Advances and new functions of VCSEL photonics

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