Lasers in additive manufacturing: A review

Lee, Hyub; Lim, C. H.; Low, Mun Ji; Tham, Nicholas Cheng Yang; Murukeshan, Vadakke Matham; Kim, Young‐Jin

doi:10.1007/s40684-017-0037-7

Cited by 330 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…[6] Additive manufacturing (AM) is an upcoming technology that is getting more and more established in industrial production in the field of medicine, [7] energy production, or aerospace applications. [8] For metals, two powder bed-based methods are typically used: Selective Laser Melting (SLM) [9,10] or Selective Electron Beam Melting (SEBM). [11] Both methods are powder bed-based, layer-by-layer techniques where a powder layer is applied on a building area and selectively molten by a moving heat source.…”

Section: Cmsx-4mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of CMSX-4 Single Crystals Prepared by Additive Manufacturing

Körner

Ramsperger

Meid

et al. 2018

Metall Mater Trans A

124

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Currently, additive manufacturing (AM) experiences significant attention in nearly all industrial sectors. AM is already well established in fields such as medicine or spare part production. Nevertheless, processing of high-performance nickel-based superalloys and especially single crystalline alloys such as CMSX-4 Ò is challenging due to the difficulty of intense crack formation. Selective electron beam melting (SEBM) takes place at high process temperatures (~1000°C) and under vacuum conditions. Current work has demonstrated processing of CMSX-4 Ò without crack formation. In addition, by using appropriate AM scan strategies, even single crystals (SX SEBM CMSX-4 Ò ) develop directly from the powder bed. In this contribution, we investigate the mechanical properties of SX SEBM CMSX-4 Ò prepared by SEBM in the as-built condition and after heat treatment. The focus is on hardness, strength, low cycle fatigue, and creep properties. These properties are compared with conventional cast and heat-treated material.

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Section: Cmsx-4mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of CMSX-4 Single Crystals Prepared by Additive Manufacturing

Körner

Ramsperger

Meid

et al. 2018

Metall Mater Trans A

124

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“…The absence of the need for a specific tool or die pushes the economic lot down to the single unit. Especially in the case of metal components, the interest of the industry is growing exponentially [1] because AM allows the production of fully dense near-net-shaped parts with complex structures made with excellent materials [2]. In fact, the main advantage of AM over conventional subtractive or formative methods is clearly illustrated by the greater product functionality that can be achieved by proper exploitation of the freedom in design [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Density, Roughness, and Accuracy of the Atomic Diffusion Additive Manufacturing (ADAM) Process for Metal Parts

Galati

Minetola

2019

Materials

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Atomic Diffusion Additive Manufacturing (ADAM) is a recent layer-wise process patented by Markforged for metals based on material extrusion. ADAM can be classified as an indirect additive manufacturing process in which a filament of metal powder encased in a plastic binder is used. After the fabrication of a green part, the plastic binder is removed by the post-treatments of washing and sintering (frittage). The aim of this work is to provide a preliminary characterisation of the ADAM process using Markforged Metal X, the unique system currently available on the market. Particularly, the density of printed 17-4 PH material is investigated, varying the layer thickness and the sample size. The dimensional accuracy of the ADAM process is evaluated using the ISO IT grades of a reference artefact. Due to the deposition strategy, the final density of the material results in being strongly dependent on the layer thickness and the size of the sample. The density of the material is low if compared to the material processed by powder bed AM processes. The superficial roughness is strongly dependent upon the layer thickness, but higher than that of other metal additive manufacturing processes because of the use of raw material in the filament form. The accuracy of the process achieves the IT13 grade that is comparable to that of traditional processes for the production of semi-finished metal parts.

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“…However, in practice, the metal powder is spread layer by layer followed by laser melting in SLM, which can produce a molten pool with a low-sized area and high temperature. Additionally, the temperature gradient is produced from high heat as well as being simultaneously transferred to the surrounding powder or printed body formation quickly [3][4][5], which makes the molten pool rapidly cool within microseconds. In addition, the molten pool shrinks, and thermal stress with the surrounding solid is produced under the interaction of condensation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Finite Element Analysis of Thermal Stress and Thermal Deformation in Typical Part during SLM

Bian

Shao

2019

Applied Sciences

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Selective laser melting (SLM) constitutes an additive manufacturing (AM) method. Many issues such as thermal strain and macro-thermal deformation, which are caused by the thermal stress of different process parameters, are not clear. In this paper, an efficient and fast manufacturing simulation method was researched based on a moving heat source model and an elastoplastic theory of welding simulation, which was studied based on the thermodynamic coupling algorithm with a software-developed application for the SLM process. Subsequently, typical case results of thin and hollow plate part formation and the corresponding performances were simulated in detail. The results demonstrated that the effective thermal stress increased as the layer height increased from the surface layer to the substrate, while the thermal strain followed an approximate change rule. In addition, the stress was released from the underlying substrate when the support was removed. Moreover, the largest single axis plane stress was changed from tension to compression from the edge to the center, finally reaching equilibrium. In particular, maximum macro thermal deformation occurred at the printed support structure to the samples, displaying similar results in other locations such as the corners. Finally, the effectiveness of the simulation could be verified from the realistic printed part, which could provide proof for the quality prediction of the part that is actually forming.

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Lasers in additive manufacturing: A review

Cited by 330 publications

References 91 publications

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of CMSX-4 Single Crystals Prepared by Additive Manufacturing

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of CMSX-4 Single Crystals Prepared by Additive Manufacturing

Analysis of Density, Roughness, and Accuracy of the Atomic Diffusion Additive Manufacturing (ADAM) Process for Metal Parts

Finite Element Analysis of Thermal Stress and Thermal Deformation in Typical Part during SLM

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