Lasers for stone lithotripsy: advantages/disadvantages of each laser source

Abstract

The purpose of this article was to make a narrative review of the literature in search of all articles regarding thulium:yttrium-aluminium-garnet (YAG), thulium laser fiber (TFL) and holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) for lithotripsy from 2020 to 2023. A selection of articles of special interest and best evidence was made in order to give a better perspective on their advantages and disadvantages. Recent findingsNew Ho:YAG technologies of as high power, high frequency and pulsed modulations have shown promising results for lithotripsy by reducing retropulsion with good ablation efficiency. High peak power makes it particularly good for percutaneous nephrolithotomy. High intrarenal temperatures and correct setting are still concerning points. TFL has arrived to be one of the main players in flexible ureteroscopy. Being highly efficient and quick, and by producing micro-dusting the laser is quickly heading to become a gold standard. The new pulsed Thulium YAG is the newest laser. For now, only in-vitro studies show promising results with efficient lithotripsy. As the peak power lies between Ho:YAG and TFL it may be able to adequately perform when needing and low power lithotripsy. SummarySeveral new technologies have been developed in the last years for stone lithotripsy. All being efficient and safe if well used. Different advantages and disadvantages of each laser must be taken into consideration to give each laser the proper indication.

BaO–TeO2–MoO3 glass: excellent candidate for acousto-optic modulators with high diffraction efficiency, fast response, and stable operation

“…The pulsed laser has been widely used in modern defense and civilian fields due to its unique advantages of high peak power and large pulse energy. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] In order to obtain a pulsed laser, Qswitch devices such as saturable absorbers, electro-optic (EO) Q-switches, and acousto-optic (AO) Q-switches must be used in the laser configurations. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] AO Q-switches possess the advantages of controllability, fast response speed, simple structure, low modulation voltage, and convenient operation.…”