Laser writing of coherent colour centres in diamond

Chen, Y. C.; Salter, Patrick S.; Knauer, Sebastian; Weng, Laiyi; Frangeskou, Angelo; Stephen, Colin; Ishmael, Shazeaa N.; Dolan, Philip R.; Johnson, Sam; Green, Ben L.; Morley, Gavin W.; Newton, Mark E.; Rarity, John; Booth, Martin J.; Smith, Jason M.

doi:10.1038/nphoton.2016.234

Cited by 256 publications

(240 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…By using critical point drying (CPD), which allows the elimination of capillary forces in the wet development of laser exposed polymers, it is now possible to reliably fabricate 3D structures with 100 nm structural units in 3D, as demonstrated for photonic crystals [26]. Another recent example, in which focused ultra-short laser pulses are used is controllable formation of defects inside the volume of crystals to engineer single photon emitters [27] or to tailor the photo-conductivity of dielectrics for the THz band [28,29]. However, versatile 3D material shaping at the nanoscale of 1−100 nm using 3D-confined light absorption as the energy source is still a highly challenging task for practical applications.…”

Section: Towards 3d Nano-fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tipping solutions: emerging 3D nano-fabrication/ -imaging technologies

et al. 2017

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The evolution of optical microscopy from an imaging technique into a tool for materials modification and fabrication is now being repeated with other characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), focused ion beam (FIB) milling/imaging, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Fabrication and in situ imaging of materials undergoing a three-dimensional (3D) nano-structuring within a 1−100 nm resolution window is required for future manufacturing of devices. This level of precision is critically in enabling the cross-over between different device platforms (e.g. from electronics to micro-/ nano-fluidics and/or photonics) within future devices that will be interfacing with biological and molecular systems in a 3D fashion. Prospective trends in electron, ion, and nano-tip based fabrication techniques are presented.

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Section: Towards 3d Nano-fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tipping solutions: emerging 3D nano-fabrication/ -imaging technologies

et al. 2017

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“…Other methods are sought after for the formation of defects with control over their 3D spatial positioning. Recently, a successful method to create color centers in optical materials has been based on the use of femtosecond laser writing [118], where single V Si centers in SiC has been created [119] by using one laser pulse to create a vacancy and a train of pulse for annealing. In the laser writing process, nonlinear absorption of photons causes multiphoton ionization (MPI), which creates energetic seed electron and successive avalanche ionization.…”

Section: Defects Fabrication: Materials Growth and Irradiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicon carbide color centers for quantum applications

2020

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Silicon carbide has recently surged as an alternative material for scalable and integrated quantum photonics, as it is a host for naturally occurring color centers within its bandgap, emitting from the UV to the IR even at telecom wavelength. Some of these color centers have been proved to be characterized by quantum properties associated with their single-photon emission and their coherent spin state control, which make them ideal for quantum technology, such as quantum communication, computation, quantum sensing, metrology and can constitute the elements of future quantum networks. Due to its outstanding electrical, mechanical, and optical properties which extend to optical nonlinear properties, silicon carbide can also supply a more amenable platform for photonics devices with respect to other wide bandgap semiconductors, being already an unsurpassed material for high power microelectronics. In this review, we will summarize the current findings on this material color centers quantum properties such as quantum emission via optical and electrical excitation, optical spin polarization and coherent spin control and manipulation. Their fabrication methods are also summarized, showing the need for on-demand and nanometric control of the color centers fabrication location in the material. Their current applications in single-photon sources, quantum sensing of strain, magnetic and electric fields, spin-photon interface are also described. Finally, the efforts in the integration of these color centers in photonics devices and their fabrication challenges are described.proved to host these types of color centers, we can now determine that the material has approached the quality needed for quantum applications development.The first bulk material studied for applications in quantum technology is diamond. It was possible to isolate single color centers and determine their role for application in quantum technologies. As an example, the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center [10], hosted by the diamond matrix, has become the leading color center in applications such as quantum sensing [11], which is a more achievable application on the road map towards quantum networks. Further, other color centers such as the Germanium vacancy (GeV) [12] and the siliconvacancy (SiV) [13] in diamond proved to have an enormous potential for quantum optical spin-photon interface due to their narrow bandwidth emission [14]. The wide bandgap of the diamond, together with its weak spinorbit coupling and diluted nuclear-spin bath, gives to diamond color centers a remarkable spin coherence, and isotope engineering can enhance it further, due to the possibility of growing highly pure samples [15]. SiC also enjoys most of these properties, and benefits from mature production protocols on a large scale which are available for silicon, excellent nanofabrication quality [16], and capability of ion implantation without the side effects typical of the diamond, such as graphitization during irradiation [17]. However, diamond has some limitations in this respect in...

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“…In a more recent work, femtosecond laser pulses have been used to form single NVs in the bulk of electronic grade diamond [98]. The method is based on creation of vacancies in the bulk of diamond using a single focused femtosecond laser pulse.…”

Section: Static Exposure Modifications In Diamondmentioning

confidence: 99%

Femtosecond laser written photonic and microfluidic circuits in diamond

et al. 2019

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Diamond has attracted great interest in the quantum optics community thanks to its nitrogen vacancy (NV) center, a naturally occurring impurity that is responsible for the pink coloration of some diamond crystals. The NV spin state with the brighter luminescence yield can be exploited for spin readout, exhibiting millisecond spin coherence times at ambient temperature. In addition, the energy levels of the ground state triplet of the NV are sensitive to external fields. These properties make NVs attractive as a scalable platform for efficient nanoscale resolution sensing based on electron spins and for quantum information systems. Integrated diamond photonics would be beneficial for optical magnetometry, due to the enhanced light-matter interaction and associated collection efficiency provided by waveguides, and for quantum information, by means of the optical linking of NV centers for long-range entanglement. Diamond is also compelling for microfluidic applications due to its outstanding biocompatibility, with sensing functionality provided by NV centers. Furthermore, laser written micrographitic modifications could lead to efficient and compact detectors of high energy radiation in diamond. However, it remains a challenge to fabricate optical waveguides, graphitic lines, NVs and microfluidics in diamond. In this Review, we describe a disruptive laser nanofabrication method based on femtosecond laser writing to realize a 3D micro-nano device toolkit for diamond. Femtosecond laser writing is advantageous compared to other state of the art fabrication technologies due to its versatility in forming diverse micro and nanocomponents in diamond. We describe how high quality buried optical waveguides, low roughness microfluidic channels, and on-demand NVs with excellent spectral properties can be laser formed in single-crystal diamond. We show the first integrated quantum photonic circuit in diamond consisting of an optically addressed NV for quantum information studies. The rapid progress of the field is encouraging but there are several challenges which must be met to realize future quantum technologies in diamond. We elucidate how these hurdles can be overcome using femtosecond laser fabrication, to realize both quantum computing and nanoscale magnetic field sensing devices in synthetic diamond.

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Laser writing of coherent colour centres in diamond

Cited by 256 publications

References 39 publications

Tipping solutions: emerging 3D nano-fabrication/ -imaging technologies

Tipping solutions: emerging 3D nano-fabrication/ -imaging technologies

Silicon carbide color centers for quantum applications

Femtosecond laser written photonic and microfluidic circuits in diamond

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