Laser welding of thermoplastics: An overview on lasers, materials, processes and quality

Gonçalves, Luis F.F.F.; Duarte, F. M.; Martins, Carla I.; Paiva, Maria C.

doi:10.1016/j.infrared.2021.103931

Cited by 26 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…Microwelding can be performed to integrate different components in a single device, and it generally includes four steps: positioning the section to be welded, heating the interface section, applying pressure, and cooling. [195] Microwelding exhibits several advantages, for instance, it does not require pretreatment or the use of organic solvents. Moreover, energy can be applied in a tightly localized area, and the approach corresponds to high automation and precision control.…”

Section: Micro/nanoweldingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The subsequent segmental motion, intermixing, and entanglement of the polymer chains lead to solidification, thereby forming a weld. [195,197] The methods for focusing laser beam on the intended joint can be divided into two categories: 1) The laser beam is applied tangentially to the joint interface, as in the case of butt welding of polymer pipes. 2) The LB is normal to the joint interface, and it irradiates and fuses the polymer surfaces (laser transmission welding (LTW)).…”

Section: Micro/nanoweldingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current and Future Trends for Polymer Micro/Nanoprocessing in Industrial Applications

et al. 2022

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Polymers are widely used in optical devices, electronic devices, energy‐harvesting/storage devices, and sensors, owing to their low weight, excellent flexibility, and simple fabrication process. With advancements in micro/nanoprocessing techniques and more demanding application requirements, it is becoming necessary to realize high‐resolution fabrication of polymers to prepare miniaturized devices. This is particularly because conventional processing technologies suffer from high thermal stress and strong adhesion/friction, which can irreversibly damage the micro/nanostructures of miniaturized devices. In addition, although the use of advanced fabrication methods to prepare high‐resolution micro/nanostructures is explored, these methods are limited to laboratory research or small‐batch production. This review focuses on the micro/nanoprocessing of polymeric materials and devices with high spatial precision and replication accuracy for industrial applications. Specifically, the current state‐of‐the‐art techniques and future trends for micro/nanomolding, high‐energy beam processing, and micro/nanomachining are discussed. Moreover, an overview of the fabrication and applications of various polymer‐based elements and devices such as microlenses, biosensors, and transistors is provided. These techniques are expected to be widely applied for multiscale and multimaterial processing as well as for multifunction integration in next‐generation integrated devices, such as photoelectric, smart, and biodegradable devices.

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Section: Micro/nanoweldingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Micro/nanoweldingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current and Future Trends for Polymer Micro/Nanoprocessing in Industrial Applications

et al. 2022

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“…The laser energy is absorbed by the two welded parts and converted into heat, which is utilized to convert the welding interface into a softened state. Once the welding interface is converted into a softened state, they are joined together by applying pressing forces on the welded parts [ 20 ]. In LTW, one of the welded parts is put on the other one and the laser beam irradiates the upper surface of the upper part [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting Characteristics of Dissimilar Laser Welded Polymeric Joints Using a Multi-Layer Perceptrons Model Coupled with Archimedes Optimizer

Moustafa

Elsheikh

2023

Polymers

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This study investigates the application of a coupled multi-layer perceptrons (MLP) model with Archimedes optimizer (AO) to predict characteristics of dissimilar lap joints made of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polycarbonate (PC). The joints were welded using the laser transmission welding (LTW) technique equipped with a beam wobbling feature. The inputs of the models were laser power, welding speed, pulse frequency, wobble frequency, and wobble width; whereas, the outputs were seam width and shear strength of the joint. The Archimedes optimizer was employed to obtain the optimal internal parameters of the multi-layer perceptrons. In addition to the Archimedes optimizer, the conventional gradient descent technique, as well as the particle swarm optimizer (PSO), was employed as internal optimizers of the multi-layer perceptrons model. The prediction accuracy of the three models was compared using different error measures. The AO-MLP outperformed the other two models. The computed root mean square errors of the MLP, PSO-MLP, and AO-MLP models are (39.798, 19.909, and 2.283) and (0.153, 0.084, and 0.0321) for shear strength and seam width, respectively.

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confidence: 99%

“…Laser transmission welding (LTW) technology is widely used in the automotive, medical, electronic device industries, and for joining complex polymer assemblies. LTW offers unique advantages in weld quality and mechanical properties compared to conventional polymer welding processes [1][2][3][4][5][6].…”

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confidence: 99%

Laser beam positioning in quasi-simultaneous laser transmission welding of polymers

Jankus¹,

Bendikienė²

2022

PEAS

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Laser transmission welding (LTW) technology is widely used in the automotive, medical, electronic device industries, and for joining complex polymer assemblies. LTW offers unique advantages in weld quality and mechanical properties compared to conventional polymer welding processes [1][2][3][4][5][6].LTW performance depends on material properties, process parameters, laser irradiation, and application strategies. Various laser irradiation strategies have been developed and implemented in laser welding, varying in laser scanning techniques, cycle times, and process flexibility. Welding is influenced by the laser irradiation methods that define the process capabilities, including weld profile, part size, part variety, and cycle time. The four main variations of LTW are contour, simultaneous, quasi-simultaneous, and mask welding techniques [2-4]. In the contour LTW technique, the laser beam moves along the predefined weld path to form the weld, being the simplest LTW variant. In simultaneous laser welding, the joint is achieved using a precise arrangement of laser diode modules that simultaneously irradiate the entire weld contour. The joint configuration can be welded using special beam-shaping diffractive optical elements (DOE), avoiding the complex arrangement of laser modules along the laser weld contour. In the quasi-simultaneous laser welding (QSLW) technique, the laser beam passes through the parts to be welded several times at very high speed. By using the galvo mirror system, the laser beam is directed according

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Laser welding of thermoplastics: An overview on lasers, materials, processes and quality

Cited by 26 publications

References 115 publications

Current and Future Trends for Polymer Micro/Nanoprocessing in Industrial Applications

Current and Future Trends for Polymer Micro/Nanoprocessing in Industrial Applications

Predicting Characteristics of Dissimilar Laser Welded Polymeric Joints Using a Multi-Layer Perceptrons Model Coupled with Archimedes Optimizer

Laser beam positioning in quasi-simultaneous laser transmission welding of polymers

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