Laser Weapons

Anderberg, Bengt; Wolbarsht, Myron L.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-6094-8

Cited by 27 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…The bile salts enhance the peptide permeation both by the transcellular and by the paracellular route as indicated by the increased permeation of the paracellular marker PEG-4000 in the presence of CDCA. This finding is in agreement with other studies showing a decrease of transepithelial resistance and an increased mannitol or PEG-flux in the presence of di-and trihydroxylated bile salts (Anderberg et al, 1992). It might also be speculated that insertion of the CDCA into the lipid membrane results in an altered membrane fluidity, thereby influencing the functional integrity of the intercellular tight junctions (Lee et al, 1991).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…It is more likely that the bile salts exerted their effects by the formation of mixed micelles and by their detergent-like properties as indicated by increased permeation of the paracellular marker PEG-4000 and by the increased release of LDH. The finding, that the release of cytosolic LDH is increased in the presence of increasing doses of CDCA supports previous results showing that mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity is inhibited by increasing bile salt concentrations in the medium (Anderberg et al, 1992). Both results indicate an increased permeability of the cellular membrane.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Permeation enhancement of octreotide by specific bile salts in rats and human subjects: in vitro, in vivo correlations

Fricker

Fahr

Beglinger

et al. 1996

British J Pharmacology

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1 The potential of bile salts to improve the enteral absorption of octreotide, an orally active somatostatin analogue, was investigated by a combination of in vitro, in situ and in vivo experiments. 2 Incorporation of octreotide into lipid monolayers (as measured by area increase of the monolayer at constant surface pressure using a Langmuir-Blodgett trough set-up) depended on the type of bile salt used for monolayer pre-treatment. Addition of 20 gM octreotide to the subphase containing 20 gM of the dihydroxylated bile salt ursodeoxycholate (UDCA) causes a 9% increase in area, whereas addition of octreotide to the subphase containing the 7a-enantiomer of UDCA, chenodeoxycholate (CDCA), resulted in an area increase of the lipid monolayer of 20%. Area increase by octreotide alone was not significantly different from the increase of octreotide and UDCA in combination. 3 CDCA and UDCA in combination with octreotide increased the permeability of liposomal membranes for rubidium ions, whereas octreotide alone did not significantly change the permeability. This indicates membrane distortion as a possible cause for the enhanced absorption of octreotide by bile salts. 4 In polarized Caco-2 cell monolayers octreotide exhibited a permeation coefficient of 0.008 + 0.004 cm h-'. Addition of 0.2-1% of UDCA to the apical incubation medium had no significant effect upon the permeation coefficient. In contrast, 0.2-1% CDCA in the incubation medium resulted in a significant increase (P<0.05) of the monolayer permeability of octreotide (0.015-0.037 cm h-').5 Octreotide was absorbed as the intact peptide from the gastrointestinal tract in rats with an absorption efficiency of 0.26%. Coadministration of bile salt resulted in a dose-dependent increase in absorption efficiency of the peptide up to 20.2%. The observed effect was more pronounced for CDCA than for UDCA. 6 The effect of CDCA and UDCA on octreotide absorption in vivo was assessed in a pharmacokinetic study with healthy volunteers. After oral administration of 4 mg octreotide in the presence of 100 mg bile salt, an average bioavailability of the peptide of 1.26% was achieved in the presence of CDCA, whereas in the presence of UDCA a bioavailability of only 0.13% was reached. This difference was statistically significant (P <0.01). 7 In conclusion, the co-administration of CDCA is able to enhance the enteral absorption of octreotide. The in vitro and in situ experiments were predictive for the observed effect in human subjects.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Permeation enhancement of octreotide by specific bile salts in rats and human subjects: in vitro, in vivo correlations

Fricker

Fahr

Beglinger

et al. 1996

British J Pharmacology

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“…Sandy everlasting [ Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench] has a long tradition in European ethnomedicine as a medicinal plant which is attributed to cholagogue, choleretic, hepatoprotective, and detoxifying activities (Czinner et al, 2001 ). It is herbaceous perennial plant belonging to Asteraceae family and it is native to Europe, Central Asia, and China (Anderberg and Anderberg, 2005 ; Erhardt et al, 2008 ; Yang et al, 2009 ). The origin of the genus name is derived from the Greek words helios , meaning sun, and chrysos , meaning gold, what refers to the shiny-golden color of inflorescence (Maznev, 2004 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sandy Everlasting (Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench): Botanical, Chemical and Biological Properties

et al. 2018

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Sandy everlasting [Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench] is herbaceous perennial plant belonging to Asteraceae family and it is native to Europe, Central Asia, and China. It belongs to the section HELICHRYSUM (Asteraceae family, genus Helichrysum) along with H. plicatum DC. Prodr., which very similar phenolic profile and H. italicum (Roth), which is widely used for essential oil extraction. Its flowers have a long tradition in European ethnomedicine as a cholagogue, choleretic, hepatoprotective, and detoxifying herbal drug. The flowers are rich in phenolic compounds including flavonoids, chalcones, phenolic acids, coumarins, and pyrones. Apart from polyphenols, other compounds such as sterols, lignans, and glycosides of aromatic compounds have been also isolated from H. arenarium. The majority of authors confirm that the most important group of compounds responsible for biological activities is flavonoids. Moreover, significant activities of naringenin, one of the main flavonoids of H. arenarium, were reported. On the other hand, there are no clinical data about testing the extracts or preparations based on H. arenarium. Although H. arenarium is well known in phytotherapy for its potential in the treatment of gallbladder disease and are classified as endangered species in a number of European countries, very few data about its cultivation are available in the literature.

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“…There were a number of high-power devices developed in Europe, such as Latex and Helex. [4], for the investigation of laser-induced effects.…”

Section: Historical Development Of Laser Dewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Laser-based directed-energy systems were developed to demonstrate the potential performance of directed-energy weapons for destruction of targets, such as the US Navy Army chemical laser (NACL) being integrated with an accurate pointing and tracking system to shoot down a Tow anti-tank missile at the Capistrano test range [4]. Another spectacular demonstration was the destruction of a Vandal drone, flying at supersonic speed, using a explosively-pumped laser amplifier; the output power is somewhat selectable, but this system has demonstrated output energy of the order of a megajoule.…”

Section: Historical Development Of Laser Dewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects for laser DEW

Titterton

2008

Fiber Lasers V: Technology, Systems, and Applications

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This paper considers the development of high-power laser-DEW systems required to achieve significant effects on potential targets. The emphasis is on the progress with the technology and systems required to support the out-of-band approach needed to achieve a robust defeat mechanism; various laser-induced effects are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of laser-based directedenergy weapon (DEW) systems will be reviewed.Evolution of laser-source technology is reviewed, with a particular emphasis on modern approaches such as the various novel-source investigations, including fibre-bundle devices. The paper discusses some of the research studies that are underway that may make this type of laser-weapon system viable.Some of the challenges currently faced by laser-based DEW systems are considered in this paper.

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Laser Weapons

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

Permeation enhancement of octreotide by specific bile salts in rats and human subjects: in vitro, in vivo correlations

Permeation enhancement of octreotide by specific bile salts in rats and human subjects: in vitro, in vivo correlations

Sandy Everlasting (Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench): Botanical, Chemical and Biological Properties

Prospects for laser DEW

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