Laser surface hardening: A simulative study of tempering mechanisms on hardness and residual stress

Schüßler, Philipp; Damon, James; Mühl, Fabian; Dietrich, Stefan; Schulze, Volker

doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2023.112079

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…On the other hand, the unhardened machined surface could reach very high tensile residual stresses [12]. This zone, exhibiting significant changes in residual stresses, microstructure, and hardness (which could be even lower than the base material [13]) is usually an area of potential surface crack initialization [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residual Stresses and the Microstructure of Modeled Laser-Hardened Railway Axle Seats under Fatigue

Čapek,

Trojan,

Kec

et al. 2024

Metals

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Railway wheels are usually attached to axles by press-fitting; therefore, the mechanical processes taking place during operation can result in failure, with fatal consequences for the axle seats. This manuscript describes the effect of laser hardening on the residual stress state, microstructural parameters (lattice defects—dislocations, crystallites, microstrains, etc.), and mechanical properties of laser-hardened EA1N steel railway axles under fatigue life conditions. Differences were found between ground, single-track, and multi-track hardened surfaces. Tensile residual stresses, low dislocation densities and hardnesses, and different microstructures (tempered cubic martensite) were found at the overlapped tracks and at the boundary of the heat-affected zone and bulk surface compared with the hardened zone. As a result, the surface treatment of axle seats by laser hardening improved the fatigue failure resistance compared with untreated seats. Optimal properties of the integrity of the axle seat surface were achieved, including fatigue resistance, which seems to be positively influenced mainly by sufficient hardness and the appropriate microstructure. The influence of the other investigated parameters was not evident, and was reduced by the presence of fretting corrosion and press-fitting.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residual Stresses and the Microstructure of Modeled Laser-Hardened Railway Axle Seats under Fatigue

Čapek,

Trojan,

Kec

et al. 2024

Metals

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“…Induction-hardening processed parts ultimately obtain a combination of high case hardness and internal toughness, which greatly increases wear and fatigue resistance [10]. The fatigue behavior of induction-hardened parts depends on the combination of hardening depth and distribution of residual compressive stress [11][12][13]. The influence of induction hardening parameters on fatigue life should be considered during the design to reduce manufacturing costs [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fatigue behavior of induction-hardened parts depends on the combination of hardening depth and distribution of residual compressive stress [11][12][13]. The influence of induction hardening parameters on fatigue life should be considered during the design to reduce manufacturing costs [13,14]. Therefore, it is very important to optimize the induction hardening process parameters according to the residual stress distribution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Different Microstructures on Surface Residual Stress of Induction-Hardened Bearing Steel

Lu,

Chiu

2024

Metals

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JIS SUJ2 steel is most widely used in bearing steel. The advantages are good hardenability, excellent fatigue, wear resistance and comprehensive mechanical properties. The wear resistance and fatigue resistance of this steel are attracting more attention, and the residual stress state and its distribution on the surface of the heat affected zone are critical factors affecting the fatigue life and wear resistance of the parts. In this study, SUJ2 is used as a material by which to study the surface residual stress and retained austenite distribution of induction-hardened steel. Quenching and tempering treatments were used to obtain different microstructures and an induction method was used to re-quench the case region. After the heat treatment, the residual stress and retained austenite volume on the surface were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and analyses of the microstructure and the hardness were also conducted. The results show that the microstructure after heat treatment contains unsolved carbides, tempered martensite and retained austenite. In the induction-hardened area, the residual stress is all compressive, and the values are more than −750 MPa. In conclusion, the microstructures of the specimens before induction hardening have a significant impact on the effective case depth for the same output power condition and the surface residual stress changes from a tensile to a compressive state. In the induction-hardened area, the maximum of the residual compressive stress was increased as the austenitized temperature of quenching increased.

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“…When the input laser heat was the same, the scanning speed could affect the maximum remelting quantity and the optimal beam size for remelting. The finite element simulation model proposed by Schüßler et al [25] aimed to improve the hardness and residual stress prediction of the simulation by considering the tempering effect that occurred during the laser surface hardening of AISI 4140. The model was used to analyze the parametric studies of the effects of different initial tempering states and other post-process tempering methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation Study on the Influence of a Laser Power Change on the Residual Stress of a Laser-Melting RuT300 Valve Seat

Tan,

Pang

2023

Lubricants

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In order to effectively suppress the cracking induced by the excessive residual stress of a laser-melting RuT300 valve seat, the influence of a laser power change on the residual stress was studied by constructing a finite element simulation model of a new power valve seat. The absorption rate of the laser energy on the surface of the material and the change in thermophysical parameters with temperature were taken into account in the model. The results show that the melting and phase-change-hardening areas can be obtained by the laser-melting process. With the increase in laser power, the peak temperature of the molten pool increased almost linearly. The melting zone area and the phase-change-hardening zone depth increased. When the laser power was increased from 2000 to 2600 W, the peak temperature of the laser-melting RuT300 valve seat increased from 2005.09 to 2641.93 °C, the maximum depth of the melting area increased from 0.55 to 0.86 mm, the maximum width of the melting area increased from 3.42 to 4.21 mm, and the maximum depth of the phase-change-hardening area increased from 0.55 to 0.64 mm. The circumferential residual tensile stress in the melting area was much higher than in the radial and axial directions. Along the laser scanning direction, the residual stress in the melting area increased as a whole, and the residual stress in the laser-scanning finishing area greatly increased. With the increase in laser power, the circumferential residual stress at the previous scanning moment decreased, and at the closing moment of the scan, the circumferential residual stress increased with the increase in laser power.

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Laser surface hardening: A simulative study of tempering mechanisms on hardness and residual stress

Cited by 10 publications

References 18 publications

Residual Stresses and the Microstructure of Modeled Laser-Hardened Railway Axle Seats under Fatigue

Residual Stresses and the Microstructure of Modeled Laser-Hardened Railway Axle Seats under Fatigue

Effect of Different Microstructures on Surface Residual Stress of Induction-Hardened Bearing Steel

Simulation Study on the Influence of a Laser Power Change on the Residual Stress of a Laser-Melting RuT300 Valve Seat

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