Laser Scribing Turns Plastic Waste into a Biosensor via the Restructuration of Nanocarbon Composites for Noninvasive Dopamine Detection

Abstract

The development of affordable and compact noninvasive point-of-care (POC) dopamine biosensors for the next generation is currently a major and challenging problem. In this context, a highly sensitive, selective, and low-cost sensing probe is developed by a simple one-step laser-scribing process of plastic waste. A flexible POC device is developed as a prototype and shows a highly specific response to dopamine in the real sample (urine) as low as 100 pmol/L in a broad linear range of 10−10–10−4 mol/L. The 3D topological feature, carrier kinetics, and surface chemistry are found to improve with the formation of high-density metal-embedded graphene-foam composite driven by laser irradiation on the plastic-waste surface. The development of various kinds of flexible and tunable biosensors by plastic waste is now possible thanks to the success of this simple, but effective, laser-scribing technique, which is capable of modifying the matrix’s electronic and chemical composition.

Configurable laterally stacked 2D layered fullerene C60-graphene system with precise spatialization

“…Also, the light diffusion kinetics in the polymeric medium is not even in the exposed area at a low absorption wavelength with Gaussian beam distribution. While increasing the exposure time and light intensity, the optically induced photochemical evolution/coupling and photolysis effects play a signi cant role [26][27][28][29][30][31]. After careful analyses of the FT-IR/Raman spectra, HRTEM and EDS mapping results, we found that the solidi ed area formed at the range of 2 mW-15 mW is the result of further ICA conversion into an indene dimer molecule along with NR (Fig.…”

“…Because the resulting product is obtained by polymer burning, these ndings imply that precise control of experimental parameters are most crucial for producing heterostructure in a controlled manner. The results of our recent studies [27,28] show that the energy gradient of the Gaussian beam from the laser and the precursor material's capacity to absorb light can be used to create novel composites with high performance. Yet, from a single, well-known quantity like laser uence/power density, it is still unknown how to determine the precise conditions for a laser lithography experiment, which is controlled by numerous factors.…”

“…Lasers have recently been used to pattern and produce 2D carbon materials, particularly graphene and its composites from polymers for optoelectronics applications, due to the advantages of spatialization, controllable energy pro le, cost-effectiveness (especially those CW lasers) and user-friendliness [26][27][28][29][30][31].…”