Laser-induced annihilation: Relativistic particles from ultra-dense hydrogen H(0)

Holmlid, Leif; Ólafsson, S.

doi:10.1016/j.hedp.2021.100942

Cited by 10 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Due to their short lifetimes (1 ps or less) it is unlikely that any direct evidence can be found in the present experiments, and the experiments are not better understood from any intermediate formation of D mesons. However, the oscillation between matter and antimatter forms recently reported [51] is similar to the oscillations which take place in the present experiments [39,42].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The mechanism investigated here has thus two different parts: 1) the mechanism releasing such a high energy of the order of many J (as described above total 800 J from 0.1 J laser pulse), and 2) the processes forming the mesons. There exists only one possibility for the high energy release and that is baryon annihilation [39,42], and this is known to be a process which gives meson bunches [49] similar to those found here. The detailed nuclear processes starting the annihilation process are outside the present study.…”

Section: Meson Production Mechanismssupporting

confidence: 76%

“…The 26 ns time constant also dominates at the outer collector at 103 cm distance, which is different from the case of D(0). No principle change is thus found for p(0), which means that the nuclear processes giving the fast mesons and muons are not fusion processes which hardly exist with p(0) but are annihilation processes [39,42].…”

Section: Meson Decay Using P(0)mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…A possible model is that two baryons for example one baryon and one antibaryon (formed from a bayon by beta capture) annihilate to form three pairs of light mesons (kaons and pions) [21,40]. Detailed descriptions of the annihilation process were recently published [39,42]. The energetics is exact at a level of 0,4 % using measured kinetic energies for the mesons.…”

Section: See Further Belowmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The number of electrons ejected from the collector foil per impinging muon is not well known either. Thus, the current signal in the beam is better measured with a current coil [42,46,47], but its absolute calibration is not trivial. The direct thermal measurements in Ref.…”

Section: Energy Gainmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Meson bunches formed by pulsed laser-induced processes in ultra-dense hydrogen H(0)

Holmlid¹

2021

Preprint

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Ultra-dense hydrogen H(0) (reviewed in Holmlid and Zeiner-Gundersen, Physica Scripta 2019 ) consists of small strongly bound molecules with interatomic distance of 0.56 pm in spin state s = 1. It is a useful nuclear fuel for energy generation, giving heat above break-even (Holmlid, AIP Advances 2015) in laser-induced processes (Holmlid, Int. J. Hydr. Energy 2021). Nuclear processes in H(0) emit particles in typical meson decay chains with kinetic energy up to 100 MeV. These mesons decay and generate fast muons at up to 500 MeV energy at current densities of several mA cm-2 at 1–2 m distances, which corresponds to 1013 -1014 muons formed per laser pulse. It is shown that the mesons decay in chain processes with well-defined meson time constants in the range 10–60 ns. The time varying signals from H(0) agree well with mesons M in decay chains as A ◊ M ◊ N where N is a signal muon. M may be a charged kaon K± (decay time constant at rest 12.4 ns) or a charged pion π± (decay time constant at rest 26 ns) or a long-lived neutral kaon \({\text{K}}_{L}^{0}\) (decay time constant at rest 51 ns). Ultra-dense protium p(0) gives the same time constants as D(0) but slightly different decay-chains. The meson bunches observed are similar to the meson bunches from nucleon + antinucleon annihilation. The energy gain in the nuclear process is at least 8000, strongly indicating baryon annihilation for which process further evidence is given in other recent publications.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Meson Production Mechanismssupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Meson Decay Using P(0)mentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: See Further Belowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Energy Gainmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Meson bunches formed by pulsed laser-induced processes in ultra-dense hydrogen H(0)

Holmlid¹

2021

Preprint

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Reply to comment on ‘Ultradense protium p(0) and deuterium D(0) and their relation to ordinary Rydberg Matter: a review’

Holmlid

2024

Phys. Scr.

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In this reply to an additional Comment by Hansen and Engelen it is shown that there is no violation of the baryon number conservation ‘law’ in the nuclear reactions in H0). In numerous well-known studies from large groups, baryons are both created and annihilated, without breaking the baryon number conservation ‘law’. This point was misunderstood in the Comment. H(0) molecules have very little in common with covalently bonded H2 molecules. The smallest H(0) molecules are H3(0) and H4(0). The picometer bond distances in H(0) are measured by the kinetic energy release in Coulomb explosions by neutral fragment time-of-flight experiments (not in TOF-MS experiments as stated in the Comment). The bond distances are further measured with femtometer precision in rotational spectroscopy experiments, with spin resolution for s = 2, 3 and 4. Many different molecular forms are observed for p(0), D(0) and pD(0).

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Consumption of Hydrogen by Annihilation Reactions in Ultradense Hydrogen H(0) Contributed to Form a Hot and Dry Venus

Holmlid,

Olofson,

Gall

2023

Astrobiology

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When water vapor reacts with metals at temperatures of a few hundred kelvin, free hydrogen and metal oxides are formed. Iron is a common metal giving such reactions. Iron oxide together with a small amount of alkali metal as promoter is a good catalyst for forming ultradense hydrogen H(0) from the released hydrogen. Ultradense hydrogen is the densest form of condensed matter hydrogen. It can be formed easily at low pressure and is the densest material in the Solar System. Spontaneous and induced nuclear processes in H(0) create mesons (kaons, pions) in proton annihilation reactions. It is here agreed on that the great difference in the present conditions on Venus and Earth are caused by the initial difference in the temperatures of the planets due to their different distances from the Sun. This temperature difference means that, in warmer planetary environments such as on Venus, the iron + water steam → iron oxide + hydrogen reaction proceeded easily, meaning a consumption of water to give H(0) formation and release of nuclear energy by subsequent nuclear reactions in H(0). On the slightly cooler Earth, the iron + liquid water reaction was slower, and less water formed H(0). Thus, the water consumption and the heating due to nuclear reactions was smaller on Earth. The experiments proving that the mechanisms of forming H(0) and the details of the nuclear processes have been published. The more intense particle radiation from the nuclear processes in H(0) and the lack of water probably impeded formation of complex molecules and, thus, of life on planets like Venus. These processes in H(0) may, therefore, also imply a narrower zone of life in a planetary system than believed previously.

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Laser-induced annihilation: Relativistic particles from ultra-dense hydrogen H(0)

Cited by 10 publications

References 30 publications

Meson bunches formed by pulsed laser-induced processes in ultra-dense hydrogen H(0)

Meson bunches formed by pulsed laser-induced processes in ultra-dense hydrogen H(0)

Reply to comment on ‘Ultradense protium p(0) and deuterium D(0) and their relation to ordinary Rydberg Matter: a review’

Consumption of Hydrogen by Annihilation Reactions in Ultradense Hydrogen H(0) Contributed to Form a Hot and Dry Venus

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