Laser directed energy deposition of AISI 316L stainless steel: The effect of build direction on mechanical properties in as-built and heat-treated conditions

Pacheco, Jeferson T.; Meura, Vitor H.; Bloemer, Paulo Rafael A.; Veiga, Marcelo T.; Filho, Osmar C. de Moura; Lobo-da-Cunha, Alexandre; Teixeira, Moisés Felipe

doi:10.1016/j.aime.2022.100079

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 28 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The difference in the total elongation between the horizontal and vertical specimens was also of note, with the horizontal specimen displaying more ductility on average than its vertical counterpart. This is partly expected due to the nature of additive processes, as newly deposited layers require the remelting of previously solidified material, generating microstructural anisotropy that affects the properties of the component, as reported in similar research [38,39]. Other research reports the presence of weak interfacial layers as a cause for the recorded anisotropy [40].…”

Section: Ni300 Mechanical Characterisationmentioning

confidence: 54%

Tensile Properties of As-Built 18Ni300 Maraging Steel Produced by DED

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The mechanical behaviour of as-built DED-produced 18Ni300 Maraging steel was studied by manufacturing a wall-like structure from which three different specimen types were obtained: specimens in which the loading direction was the same as the printing direction (vertical), specimens in which these two directions were perpendicular (horizontal), and bimetallic specimens in which the interface between the AISI 1045 substrate and the 18Ni300 steel was tested. The yield strength of the produced samples was 987.9±34.2, 925.9±89.7 and 486.7±47.2MPa for the vertical, horizontal and bimetallic specimens, respectively, while the elongation to failure was 9.4±1.9, 18.3±2.3 and 14.06±0.6% in the same order. The latter specimen failed within the substrate-comprised portion of the specimen. Additionally, the fracture surfaces were analysed through scanning electron microscopy, concluding that while both surfaces consist of dimples, the horizontal specimen presented microporosities with a reduced diameter. A microhardness analysis in the printed wall-like structure following the printing direction yielded an average hardness of 392±21 HV0.3, with fluctuations along the build direction mostly within one standard deviation.

show abstract

Section: Ni300 Mechanical Characterisationmentioning

confidence: 54%

Tensile Properties of As-Built 18Ni300 Maraging Steel Produced by DED

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Comparatively lower HV values were observed due to the layer-by-layer building method by melting of the powder with a laser beam in SLM [ 205 ], fusion welding effect in laser-PBF processes [ 206 ], droplet-based deposition of melted metal wire in WAAM [ 207 ] and repetitive cycles of melting, solidification and annealing in EBM [ 208 ]. Generated residual stresses due to the thermal stresses result in a relatively higher hardness in laser-DED process [ 209 ]. The microhardness of FDM fabricated 316L, after post-treatment, such as debinding and sintering, are comparable to laser-DED fabricated products due to the influence of sintering temperature on the mechanical strength [ 210 ].…”

Section: Critical Analysis and Challenges In Intelligent Manufacturingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Intelligence for Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing: Current Status and Future Prospects

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Additive manufacturing (AM), an enabler of Industry 4.0, recently opened limitless possibilities in various sectors covering personal, industrial, medical, aviation and even extra-terrestrial applications. Although significant research thrust is prevalent on this topic, a detailed review covering the impact, status, and prospects of artificial intelligence (AI) in the manufacturing sector has been ignored in the literature. Therefore, this review provides comprehensive information on smart mechanisms and systems emphasizing additive, subtractive and/or hybrid manufacturing processes in a collaborative, predictive, decisive, and intelligent environment. Relevant electronic databases were searched, and 248 articles were selected for qualitative synthesis. Our review suggests that significant improvements are required in connectivity, data sensing, and collection to enhance both subtractive and additive technologies, though the pervasive use of AI by machines and software helps to automate processes. An intelligent system is highly recommended in both conventional and non-conventional subtractive manufacturing (SM) methods to monitor and inspect the workpiece conditions for defect detection and to control the machining strategies in response to instantaneous output. Similarly, AM product quality can be improved through the online monitoring of melt pool and defect formation using suitable sensing devices followed by process control using machine learning (ML) algorithms. Challenges in implementing intelligent additive and subtractive manufacturing systems are also discussed in the article. The challenges comprise difficulty in self-optimizing CNC systems considering real-time material property and tool condition, defect detections by in-situ AM process monitoring, issues of overfitting and underfitting data in ML models and expensive and complicated set-ups in hybrid manufacturing processes.

show abstract

“…In the scientific literature, many studies have investigated the influence of different heat treatments on 3D-printed parts of different type of materials such as PLA [ 26 , 31 , 32 , 41 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 55 , 57 , 71 ], ABS [ 26 , 27 , 33 , 42 , 51 , 54 ], nylon [ 43 ], PPS [ 56 ], PEEK [ 28 , 47 ], PETG [ 32 , 37 , 38 , 39 ], metals (steel [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 34 , 64 , 65 , 67 , 75 , 76 , 76 , 77 , 90 , 93 , 99 ], aluminum [ 23 , 24 , 70 , 82 ], Inconel [ 23 , 24 , 95 ], titanium [ 8 , 13 , 16 , 17 , 18 ,…”

Section: The Influence Of Post-processing Treatments On the Mechanica...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In [ 99 ], the test specimens of 316L steel were heated at a temperature of 1040 °C, during 2 h. Both for horizontally and vertically built specimens, due to the heat treatment applied, the YS decreased by 18%… 19% and the UTS decreased by 5%. The heat treatment increased (by 7%) the ductility of the horizontally built specimens when compared to the as-built condition.…”

Section: The Influence Of Post-processing Treatments On the Mechanica...mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Additive Manufacturing Post-Processing Treatments, a Review with Emphasis on Mechanical Characteristics

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Additive manufacturing (AM) comes in various types of technologies and comparing it with traditional fabrication methods provides the possibility of producing complex geometric parts directly from Computer-Aided Designs (CAD). Despite answering challenges such as poor workability and the need for tooling, the anisotropy of AM constructions is the most serious issue encountered by their application in industry. In order to enhance the microstructure and functional behavior of additively fabricated samples, post-processing treatments have gained extensive attention. The aim of this research is to provide critical, comprehensive, and objective methods, parameters and results’ synthesis for post-processing treatments applied to AM builds obtained by 3D printing technologies. Different conditions for post-processing treatments adapted to AM processes were explored in this review, and demonstrated efficiency and quality enhancement of parts. Therefore, the collected results show that mechanical characteristics (stress state, bending stress, impact strength, hardness, fatigue) have undergone significant improvements for 3D composite polymers, copper-enhanced and aluminum-enhanced polymers, shape memory alloys, high-entropy alloys, and stainless steels. However, for obtaining a better mechanical performance, the research papers analyzed revealed the crucial role of related physical characteristics: crystallinity, viscosity, processability, dynamic stability, reactivity, heat deflection temperature, and microstructural structure.

show abstract

Laser directed energy deposition of AISI 316L stainless steel: The effect of build direction on mechanical properties in as-built and heat-treated conditions

Cited by 17 publications

References 28 publications

Tensile Properties of As-Built 18Ni300 Maraging Steel Produced by DED

Tensile Properties of As-Built 18Ni300 Maraging Steel Produced by DED

Review of Intelligence for Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing: Current Status and Future Prospects

Additive Manufacturing Post-Processing Treatments, a Review with Emphasis on Mechanical Characteristics

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About