“…However, low hardness and poor wear resistance severely limit their applications as transmission components [ 10 , 11 ]. In order to improve the properties of titanium alloys, a range of surface modification methods have been employed, which mainly include chemical heat treatment [ 12 , 13 ], ion implantation [ 14 , 15 ], micro-arc oxidation [ 16 , 17 ], electroplating [ 18 ], vapor deposition [ 19 , 20 ] and thermal spraying [ 21 , 22 ].…”