Laser beam wander in the atmosphere: implications for optical turbulence vertical profile sensing with imaging LIDAR

Zilberman, Arkadi; Kopeika, Norman S.

doi:10.1117/1.3008058

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Equation 1-9 indicates a non-linear relationship between the FOV and the SNR, where typically decreasing the FOV will increase the SNR at any given range until it reaches the shot noise limit. However, the validity of the LIDAR equation hinges on the assumption that the FOV of the receiver is greater than or equal to the divergence of the LIDAR's laser beam 𝜃 𝑑𝑖𝑣 [13]. This condition sets a minimum viable limit for the FOV (𝜃 𝑟𝑒𝑐 ≥ 𝜃 𝑑𝑖𝑣 ).…”

Section: Sky Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optical turbulence correction in the elastic LiDAR equation

Ayesh,

Valenta

2023

Laser Radar Technology and Applications XXVIII

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The use of LIDARs to characterize atmospheric properties has become commonplace since near the invention of the laser. The accuracy of these measurements is generally limited by the signal-to-noise ratio of the optical channels making the measurementtypically constrained by several environmental and systematic parameters, such as solar background, power-aperture product, etc. These measurements are usually modeled according to various forms of the atmospheric LIDAR equation along with a solar background model. However, one of the limitations of current approaches is failing to account for the effects of optical turbulence on the LIDAR signal. While researchers have already established a correction factor for the hard target LIDAR equation, this factor has not yet been applied to atmospheric LIDAR systemssome of which aim to measure optical turbulence as a data product. This paper investigates the application of a correction factor to the elastic LIDAR equation to account for the effects of turbulence. Using mathematical modeling and simulation, it was observed that the number of photons detected by the system is overestimated and it decreases as turbulence increases as expected and in agreement with previously published results. Additionally, a preliminary investigation of the effects of turbulence on the relationships between the LIDAR system signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the field of view (FOV), and transmitter divergence is addressed and opened up for future discussion. For example, increasing the beam divergence and FOV mitigates the effects of turbulence but increases the number of background photons detected, effectively reducing the SNR. It is expected that these results can be used by system designers to understand how turbulence will affect the performance of atmospheric LIDAR systems and provide quantitative tradeoffs in design decisions.

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Section: Sky Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…), wind velocity and shear [8] [9], and temperature [10]. Moreover, there have been an increasing number of papers demonstrating the application of LIDAR techniques for the characterization of optical turbulence in the atmosphere [11][12] [13].…”

Section: Introduction 11 Lidar Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical turbulence correction in the elastic LiDAR equation

Ayesh,

Valenta

2023

Laser Radar Technology and Applications XXVIII

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“…Typical obscuration losses that are encountered near the ground range from 0.5 dB/km in clear air, 3 dB/km in haze, 50 dB/km in thick fog, and 350 dB/km in impenetrable fog (OW links are more affected by snow and fog than they are by rain). At high altitude in clear air the attenuation may be as low as 0.1 dB/km, although aerosols can still affect the channel [151]. In practice, the exponential decay of the optical power means that OW links do not work over significant distances through obscuration and it is not practical to attempt to operate OW links through significant obscuration by increasing transmitter power.…”

Section: Channel Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of communication-oriented optical wireless systems

Borah

Boucouvalas

Davis

et al. 2012

J Wireless Com Network

187

104

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This article presents an overview of optical wireless (OW) communication systems that operate both in the short-(personal and indoor systems) and the long-range (outdoor and hybrid) regimes. Each of these areas is discussed in terms of (a) key requirements, (b) their application framework, (c) major impairments and applicable mitigation techniques, and (d) current and/or future trends. Personal communication systems are discussed within the context of point-to-point ultra-high speed data transfer. The most relevant application framework and related standards are presented, including the next generation Giga-IR standard that extends personal communication speeds to over 1 Gb/s. As far as indoor systems are concerned, emphasis is given on modeling the dispersive nature of indoor OW channels, on the limitations that dispersion imposes on user mobility and dispersion mitigation techniques. Visible light communication systems, which provide both illumination and communication over visible or hybrid visible/ infrared LEDs, are presented as the most important representative of future indoor OW systems. The discussion on outdoor systems focuses on the impact of atmospheric effects on the optical channel and associated mitigation techniques that extend the realizable link lengths and transfer rates. Currently, outdoor OW is commercially available at 10 Gb/s Ethernet speeds for Metro networks and Local-Area-Network interconnections and speeds are expected to increase as faster and more reliable optical components become available. This article concludes with hybrid optical wireless/radio-frequency (OW/RF) systems that employ an additional RF link to improve the overall system reliability. Emphasis is given on cooperation techniques between the reliable RF subsystem and the broadband OW system.

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“…To date, numerous active measuring methods based on lidar techniques to detect atmospheric turbulence have been proposed. These methods are mainly based on turbulence-induced residual scintillation of lidar signals, enhanced backscattering, and image motion of secondary sources produced by laser beams [6] . The method based on laser signal scintillation suffers from laser energy fluctuations.…”

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confidence: 99%

Measuring atmospheric turbulence strength based on differential imaging of light column

Huang¹,

Cui²,

Zhu³

et al. 2013

中国光学快报

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We propose and experimentally evaluate a novel approach to measure atmospheric turbulence, in which imaging of light column technology is integrated into a differential motion method. In the approach, a large acquisition scene of the light column and a narrow field of view of one pixel of the charge-coupled device respectively allow high temporal and spatial resolutions, which offer the possibility of path-integrated turbulence strength measurement with multiple paths. In addition, we describe the measurement principle of the approach. Lastly, comparative experiment is performed to verify the feasibility of the approach.

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Laser beam wander in the atmosphere: implications for optical turbulence vertical profile sensing with imaging LIDAR

Cited by 8 publications

References 61 publications

Optical turbulence correction in the elastic LiDAR equation

Optical turbulence correction in the elastic LiDAR equation

A review of communication-oriented optical wireless systems

Measuring atmospheric turbulence strength based on differential imaging of light column

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