Laser ablation of a triazene polymer studied by ns-interferometry and shadowgraphy

Hauer, M.; Funk, David J.; Lippert, Thomas; Wokaun, Alexander

doi:10.1117/12.482093

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…The dynamic behavior of the etching process was also investigated. Hauer et al studied the ablation of triazene group polymers and PI reference films using XeCl (308 nm) and ArF (193 nm) lasers using nanosecond interferometry and shadowgraphy . Similar to Lippert et al , they reported the absence of surface swelling and the presence of a shock wave.…”

Section: Polymer Materialsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Laser ablation of polymers: a review

Ravi‐Kumar

Lies

Zhang

et al. 2019

Polymer International

149

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Laser ablation (LA), which employs a pulsed laser to remove materials from a substrate for generating micro-/nanostructures, has tremendous applications in the fabrication of metals, ceramics, glasses and polymers. It has become a noteworthy approach for achieving various functional structures in engineering, chemistry, biology, medicine and other fields. Polymers are one such class of materials; they can be melted and vaporized at high temperature during the ablation process. A number of polymers have been researched as candidate substrates in LA, and many different structures and patterns have been realized by this method. The current states of research and progress are reviewed from basic concepts to optimal parameters, polymer types and applications. The significance of this paper is to provide a basis for follow-up research that leads to the development of superior materials and high-quality production through LA. In this review, we first introduce the basic concept of LA, including mechanism, laser types (millisecond, microsecond, nanosecond, picosecond and femtosecond) and influential parameters (wavelength, repetition rate, fluence and pulse duration). Then, we focus on several commonly used polymer materials and compare them in detail, including the effects of polymer properties, laser parameters and feature designs. Finally, we summarize the applications of various structures fabricated by LA in a variety of areas along with a perspective of the challenges in this research area. Overall, a thorough review of LA of several polymers is presented, which could pave the way for characterization of future novel materials.

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Section: Polymer Materialsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Laser ablation of polymers: a review

Ravi‐Kumar

Lies

Zhang

et al. 2019

Polymer International

149

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This method focuses on the structuring of the remaining polymer and is therefore used mostly in the lower fluence range (at fluences above 1 J cm À2 , the ablation rates are in most cases, quite high, making the data evaluation very difficult). Previous studies using this technique have shown that some polymers exhibit a pronounced swelling and a delayed material removal [12,13], whereas other polymers revealed structuring without swelling [14][15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When laser ablation occurs in an atmosphere, the instantaneous released energy will form a shockwave, which is visible in the shadowgraphy images. The propagation speed of the shockwave may be applied as an indicator for the amount of gaseous products [15] and for the energy [20], which is released during the ablation process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-resolved techniques as probes for the laser ablation process

Hauer

Funk

Lippert

et al. 2005

Optics and Lasers in Engineering

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Laser material processing is an increasing market although many processes are still not yet fully understood. It was repeatedly emphasized that a better understanding of the transient processes can help to improve the understanding of the ablation mechanism. Examples using ns-surface interferometry, ns-shadowgraphy and emission spectroscopy are shown to illustrate how these techniques can be used to obtain new insights in the laser ablation processes.Time-resolved surface interferometry probes the remaining polymer, while ns-shadowgraphy and plasma spectroscopy observe the ablation products. Ns-shadowgraphy can be used for fluences just above the ablation threshold, to the fluences where a plasma is observed, which is probed by emission spectroscopy.Time-resolved ns-surface interferometry of a specially designed triazene polymer reveals that the surface morphology changes and thereby the surface removal occurs only during the laser pulse. Ns-shadowgraphy is used to observe the shockwave and the plume of fragments, which are generated during laser ablation. A comparison of the ablation properties of an energetic polymer at two different wavelengths (1064 and 193 nm) shows that the ejection of non-gaseous fragments (solid or liquid) is only detected after irradiation with 1064 nm. At higher laser fluences, plasma is formed, and the atomic (H), and diatomic species (CN, CH and C 2 ) are identified. r

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“…The results of the analysis are phase shift information that correspond to ablation or swelling while the amplitude information is equal to changes of the reflectivity. Interferometric images of TP at 193, 30862,65 and 351 nm64 show that etching of the film begins and ends with the laser pulse (shown in Figure 22 for 308 nm irradiation). In contrast, corresponding images of polyimide for irradiation at 351 nm reveal pronounced swelling, followed by material removal that persists for several µs after the laser pulse 41,42…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction of Photons with Polymers: From Surface Modification to Ablation

Lippert

2005

Plasma Processes & Polymers

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137

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Summary: This work reviews the interaction of photons with polymers with an emphasis on UV laser ablation and surface modification using VUV lamps. Laser ablation of polymers is an established process in industrial applications, but the mechanisms of ablation are still controversial. Different polymers, such as poly(methyl methacrylate), polyimides and specially designed polymers are used as examples to show that the mechanism is a mixture of photochemical and photothermal features which are closely related to the polymer structure and properties. Different approaches to probe the ablation mechanisms and to improve ablation are discussed. Photoactive groups have been introduced into the polymer structure to improve the quality of ablation and to elucidate the ablation mechanisms. The experimental techniques to probe the ablation mechanism range from time‐resolved measurements, such as shadowgraphy, ToF‐MS, and ns‐surface interferometry to variations of the irradiation wavelengths and pulse lengths. The necessity for a critical evaluation of the experimental procedures and analysis is discussed exemplary for polyimides. The data for different types of polyimides are mixed up and some experimental procedures are possibly causing problems for the data evaluation. Various recent trends for laser ablation, such as ultrafast ablation or VUV ablation are also discussed. Surface modifications of polymers using VUV photons from lamps are discussed for oxidation and nitriding of poly dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polyolefines. The mechanism of the PDMS surface oxidation is presented in detail.

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Laser ablation of a triazene polymer studied by ns-interferometry and shadowgraphy

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Laser ablation of polymers: a review

Laser ablation of polymers: a review

Time-resolved techniques as probes for the laser ablation process

Interaction of Photons with Polymers: From Surface Modification to Ablation

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