Larynx

Ducharme, Norm G.; Rossignol, Fabrice

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-48420-6.00046-6

Cited by 13 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 118 publications

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“…The large variety of different bacteria cultured from the affected cartilages provides evidence that opportunistic infection of arytenoid cartilage with respiratory bacterial flora, possibly via mucosal injury, is likely 1 . The equine respiratory bacterial flora has a complex microbial composition and diversity in normal horses and is dominated by four phyla, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria 17‐21 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Arytenoid chondropathy is a relatively common, performance‐limiting, upper airway disease, particularly affecting the thoroughbred racehorse 1 . Horses typically present with insidious and progressive onset of abnormal respiratory noise, exercise intolerance and/or coughing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The etiology of arytenoid chondropathy is unknown, but it is theorized to be secondary to trauma of inflamed or healthy arytenoid cartilage mucosa, extension of mucosal bacterial or viral infection into the underlying arytenoid cartilage, or infection via hematogenous spread 1,3 . In feedlot cattle, mucosal erosions of the arytenoid cartilages have been reported to result from acute mucositis caused by mixed infections of Pasteurella , Haemophilus , Mycoplasma , and unidentified viruses 4 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been postulated that excessive vocalization or severe coughing episodes in horses may predispose to development and progression of arytenoid mucosal lesions 3 . It has also been suggested that inadvertent iatrogenic trauma may be a cause 1,3,6 ; however, Smith et al 6 reported that arytenoid mucosal ulceration in yearling thoroughbreds was unlikely to be caused by trauma from nasogastric intubation. A recent study by Wilson et al, 7 who were researching esophageal lumen pH, demonstrated that the cardiac sphincter does not consistently prevent gastroesophageal reflux in normal horses, and they proposed acid contact trauma as a possible cause of mucosal ulceration and subsequent arytenoid chondropathy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…No currently published articles describe the spectrum of bacteria involved in arytenoid chondropathy or their antimicrobial sensitivity in horses. In cases with overt cartilage enlargement, antimicrobial treatment at the time of arytenoid chondropathy diagnosis is typically not effective for complete disease resolution 1 . Cartilage infection often progresses to result in permanent arytenoid cartilage enlargement and deformation, requiring arytenoidectomy or granuloma excision if rima glottidis size is significantly compromised 8‐10 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates from 33 thoroughbred horses with arytenoid chondropathy (2005‐2019)

Johnston

Lumsden

2020

Veterinary Surgery

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Objective: To describe the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates cultured from surgical specimens of infected arytenoid cartilage and granulomas. Study design: Retrospective cohort study. Animals: Thirty-three thoroughbred horses. Methods: Hospital records were retrieved for all horses admitted to a referral hospital for arytenoid chondropathy surgery that had samples submitted for culture and sensitivity between 2005 and 2019. Descriptive analyses were performed. Results: In total, 56 bacterial isolates were obtained. Gram-positive bacteria (58%), Gram-negative bacteria (54%), and anaerobes (33%) were cultured from samples. Fifty-eight percent of horses had multiple bacteria isolated. Streptococcus spp were the most common (32%), followed by Enterobacteriaceae (13%). Bacterial isolates were sensitive to ceftiofur (83%), followed by ampicillin (64%), tetracycline (48%), enrofloxacin (45%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (41%), and gentamicin (18%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was present in 44% of bacterial isolates. Conclusion: A wide variety of bacteria was cultured, providing evidence that secondary opportunistic infection by common respiratory bacteria is likely a factor in arytenoid chondropathy. Multidrug resistance was higher than what has been previously reported in equine respiratory samples. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole had low effectiveness. Clinical significance: Because culture and sensitivity testing is not available in the diagnosis of mild to moderate arytenoid chondropathy, the information from this study may allow for more targeted broad-spectrum antimicrobial treatment to limit disease progression when the disease is first identified. The antimicrobial susceptibilities and MDR found in this study emphasize the importance of following current antimicrobial guidelines and highlight the requirement for surgical intervention rather than continued medical treatment in cases that do not resolve with initial antimicrobial therapy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates from 33 thoroughbred horses with arytenoid chondropathy (2005‐2019)

Johnston

Lumsden

2020

Veterinary Surgery

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Laryngeal dyskinesia in a horse

Kühnle

Kümmerle

Parente

et al. 2019

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary A 3‐year‐old Warmblood gelding was evaluated for intermittent respiratory distress and an inspiratory noise. These signs were mainly observed at exercise but sometimes occurred at rest as well. At the age of 2 months, a severe episode of respiratory distress had necessitated a temporary tracheotomy, which had then healed uneventfully. Examination of the patient and resting endoscopy revealed no structural laryngeal alterations. Exercise endoscopy revealed episodes of active bilateral laryngeal adduction during inspiration. Spirometrically, a corresponding impairment of inspiratory airflow was identified. These abnormalities were most pronounced at the trot but they occurred at magnitudes of inspiratory airflow lower than those inducing dynamic arytenoid collapse in horses with recurrent laryngeal neuropathy. Therefore, the diagnosis of a laryngeal dyskinesia characterised by an active bilateral arytenoid adduction during inspiration was made. No specific treatment was implemented. Three years later, the owner reported that the condition was markedly improved and the horse was used for pleasure riding.

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Postoperative exercising endoscopy of the equine upper respiratory tract

Barakzai¹

2022

Equine Veterinary Education

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Larynx

Cited by 13 publications

References 118 publications

Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates from 33 thoroughbred horses with arytenoid chondropathy (2005‐2019)

Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates from 33 thoroughbred horses with arytenoid chondropathy (2005‐2019)

Laryngeal dyskinesia in a horse

Postoperative exercising endoscopy of the equine upper respiratory tract

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