Laryngeal afferent stimulation enhances fos immunoreactivity in periaqueductal gray in the cat

Ambalavanar, Ranjinidevi; Tanaka, Yasumasa; Damirjian, M.; Ludlow, Christy L.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990705)409:3<411::aid-cne6>3.0.co;2-y

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…The PAG is known to be involved in a wide variety of physiological functions, including vocalization (Larson and Kistler, 1984; Jurgens, 1994; Jurgens and Zwirner, 1996; Ambalavanar et al, 1999) and respiration (Sessle et al, 1981; Davis et al, 1993). A lack of significant Fos expression following laryngeal inflammation and/or trauma compared to anesthetic controls suggests that FLI in the PAG may have either occurred secondary to the plastic changes in the IRF/PCRF and NTS or was triggered by other complex autonomic and sensation processing accompanying laryngeal manipulations, such as nociception (Liebeskind et al, 1973).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The brainstem sections were reconstructed using the corresponding Nissl-stained control sections and the stereotactic atlas of the rat brain (Paxinos and Watson, 1998) on an image analysis system (Neurolucida, MicroBrightField, Colchester, VT). Examined brainstem regions included the second-order sensory nuclei of laryngeal afferents, that is the NTS, spinal trigeminal nucleus (Sp5), and intermediate/parvicellular reticular formation (IRF/PCRF) (Altschuler et al, 1989; Patrickson et al, 1991; Travers and Norgren, 1995; Hayakawa et al, 2001); the laryngeal motor nucleus, that is the NA (Gacek, 1975; Yoshida et al, 1982); the higher-order nucleus of laryngeal control, that is the PAG (Ambalavanar et al, 1999); and the non-specific nuclei of the laryngeal control, that is the area postrema (AP) and locus coeruleus (LC) (Ambalavanar et al, 2004). Within the NTS, we examined its medial (NTSm), interstitial (NTSi), and intermediate (NTSim) subnuclei; within the PAG, we examined its lateral (LPAG), dorsomedial (DMPAG), dorsolateral (DLPAG) and ventrolateral (VLPAG) subnuclei.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Combined laryngeal inflammation and trauma mediate long-lasting immunoreactivity response in the brainstem sensory nuclei in the rat

Simonyan¹,

Feng²,

Henriquez³

et al. 2012

Front. Integr. Neurosci.

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Somatosensory feedback from the larynx plays a critical role in regulation of normal upper airway functions, such as breathing, deglutition, and voice production, while altered laryngeal sensory feedback is known to elicit a variety of pathological reflex responses, including persistent coughing, dysphonia, and laryngospasm. Despite its clinical impact, the central mechanisms underlying the development of pathological laryngeal responses remain poorly understood. We examined the effects of persistent vocal fold (VF) inflammation and trauma, as frequent causes of long-lasting modulation of laryngeal sensory feedback, on brainstem immunoreactivity in the rat. Combined VF inflammation and trauma were induced by injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) solution and compared to VF trauma alone from injection of vehicle solution and to controls without any VF manipulations. Using a c-fos marker, we found significantly increased Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) in the bilateral intermediate/parvicellular reticular formation (IRF/PCRF) with a trend in the left solitary tract nucleus (NTS) only in animals with combined LPS-induced VF inflammation and trauma. Further, FLI in the right NTS was significantly correlated with the severity of LPS-induced VF changes. However, increased brainstem FLI response was not associated with FLI changes in the first-order neurons of the laryngeal afferents located in the nodose and jugular ganglia in either group. Our data indicate that complex VF alterations (i.e., inflammation/trauma vs. trauma alone) may cause prolonged excitability of the brainstem nuclei receiving a direct sensory input from the larynx, which, in turn, may lead to (mal)plastic changes within the laryngeal central sensory control.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined laryngeal inflammation and trauma mediate long-lasting immunoreactivity response in the brainstem sensory nuclei in the rat

Simonyan¹,

Feng²,

Henriquez³

et al. 2012

Front. Integr. Neurosci.

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“…Our current understanding of the neural pathways mediating respiratory load‐compensation responses in animals has been determined using immunohistochemical and electrophysiological methods (Ambalavanar et al 1999; Malakhova & Davenport, 2001; Zhang et al 2009). c‐Fos, a protein expressed in neurons recently activated, has been used as a metabolic marker to determine which areas of the brain are responding to a recent stimulus (Dragunow & Faull, 1989), including respiratory stimuli (Pate & Davenport, 2011).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracheal occlusion conditioning causes stress, anxiety and neural state changes in conscious rats

Pate¹,

Davenport²

2012

Experimental Physiology

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Evidence from human and animal studies indicates that mechanical loads to breathing are stressful stimuli and evoke compensatory behaviours. Conditioning of stressful stimuli is known to cause changes in basal stress levels and behaviour. Individuals with respiratory obstructive diseases repeatedly experience bouts of airway obstruction, which may act as a form of conditioning, and often have affective disorders, such as anxiety and depression. It is unknown whether the development of affective disorders in these individuals results from the unexpected recurring respiratory perturbations. To investigate this possibility, we developed a model to elicit tracheal occlusion (TO) in conscious rats and exposed them to 10 days of TO conditioning. We hypothesized that healthy, conscious animals exposed to TO conditioning would develop stress and anxiety and would have modulated neural activity in respiratory, stress, discriminative and affective neural regions. Following TO conditioning, rats had increased basal corticosterone levels, greater adrenal weights and elevated anxiety levels compared with animals not receiving TO. Significant increases in cytochrome oxidase staining were found in brain-stem respiratory nuclei, periaqueductal grey, dorsal raphe, thalamus and insular cortex. These results suggest that healthy animals develop stress and anxiety responses to respiratory load conditioning via inescapable tracheal occlusions, which may be mediated through state changes in specific brain nuclei.

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“…In all the nuclei, codeine significantly reduced the increase in FLI. Further, laryngeal afferent stimulation enhanced FLI in periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) and dorsal raphe nucleus in cat [25]. …”

Section: Opioid Receptor Subtypes and Antitussive Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Central and peripheral mechanisms of narcotic antitussives: codeine-sensitive and -resistant coughs

Takahama

Shirasaki

2007

Cough

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Narcotic antitussives such as codeine reveal the antitussive effect primarily via the µ-opioid receptor in the central nervous system (CNS). The κ-opioid receptor also seems to contribute partly to the production of the antitussive effect of the drugs. There is controversy as to whether δ-receptors are involved in promoting an antitussive effect. Peripheral opioid receptors seem to have certain limited roles. Although narcotic antitussives are the most potent antitussives at present, certain types of coughs, such as chronic cough, are particularly difficult to suppress even with codeine. In guinea pigs, coughs elicited by mechanical stimulation of the bifurcation of the trachea were not able to be suppressed by codeine. In gupigs with sub-acute bronchitis caused by SO 2 gas exposure, coughing is difficult to inhibit with centrally acting antitussives such as codeine. Some studies suggest that neurokinins are involved in the development of codeine-resistant coughs. However, evidence supporting this claim is still insufficient. It is very important to characterize opiate-resistant coughs in experimental animals, and to determine which experimentally induced coughs correspond to which types of cough in humans. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of antitussive effects of narcotic antitussives, addressing codeine-sensitive and -resistant coughs, and including our own results.

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Laryngeal afferent stimulation enhances fos immunoreactivity in periaqueductal gray in the cat

Cited by 16 publications

References 86 publications

Combined laryngeal inflammation and trauma mediate long-lasting immunoreactivity response in the brainstem sensory nuclei in the rat

Combined laryngeal inflammation and trauma mediate long-lasting immunoreactivity response in the brainstem sensory nuclei in the rat

Tracheal occlusion conditioning causes stress, anxiety and neural state changes in conscious rats

Central and peripheral mechanisms of narcotic antitussives: codeine-sensitive and -resistant coughs

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