Larval outbreaks in West Greenland: Instant and subsequent effects on tundra ecosystem productivity and CO2 exchange

Lund, Magnus; Raundrup, Katrine; Westergaard‐Nielsen, Andreas; López‐Blanco, Efrén; Nymand, Josephine; Aastrup, Peter

doi:10.1007/s13280-016-0863-9

Cited by 44 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(68 reference statements)

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“…5) followed analogous patterns compared to other years. This evidence agrees with the literature (Callaghan et al, 2012b;Lund et al, 2017) on the fact that tundra systems can fluctuate in sink strength influenced by factors such as episodic disturbances or species shifts, events which are very difficult to predict.…”

Section: Interannual and Seasonal Variation Of Co 2 Ecosystem Fluxessupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The anomalous year, 2011, constituted a relatively strong source of CO 2 (41 g C m −2 ) and was associated with a major pest outbreak, which reduced GPP more strongly than R eco . Data on the larvae of the moth Eurois occulta, collected from pitfall traps in the surrounding Salix-and Empetrumdominated plots, showed a strong peak at the beginning of the 2011 growing season (Lund et al, 2017), coinciding with high NEE and very low GPP (Fig. 4).…”

Section: Data Processing and Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5) and Kobbefjord turned into a strong C source within an episodic single growing season. The return to substantial cumulative CO 2 sink rates following the extreme year of 2011 shows the ability of the ecosystem to recover from the disturbance (Lund et al, 2017). Indeed, the ecosystem not only shifted back from being a C source to a C sink, but it also changed rapidly from one year to the next.…”

Section: Interannual and Seasonal Variation Of Co 2 Ecosystem Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exchange of CO<sub>2</sub> in Arctic tundra: impacts of meteorological variations and biological disturbance

López‐Blanco¹,

Lund

Williams

et al. 2017

Biogeosciences

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Abstract. An improvement in our process-based understanding of carbon (C) exchange in the Arctic and its climate sensitivity is critically needed for understanding the response of tundra ecosystems to a changing climate. In this context, we analysed the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO 2 in West Greenland tundra (64 • N) across eight snow-free periods in 8 consecutive years, and characterized the key processes of net ecosystem exchange and its two main modulating components: gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (R eco ). Overall, the ecosystem acted as a consistent sink of CO 2 , accumulating −30 g C m −2 on average (range of −17 to −41 g C m −2 ) during the years 2008-2015, except 2011 (source of 41 g C m −2 ), which was associated with a major pest outbreak. The results do not reveal a marked meteorological effect on the net CO 2 uptake despite the high interannual variability in the timing of snowmelt and the start and duration of the growing season. The ranges in annual GPP (−182 to −316 g C m −2 ) and R eco (144 to 279 g C m −2 ) were > 5 fold larger than the range in NEE. Gross fluxes were also more variable (coefficients of variation are 3.6 and 4.1 % respectively) than for NEE (0.7 %). GPP and R eco were sensitive to insolation and temperature, and there was a tendency towards larger GPP and R eco during warmer and wetter years. The relative lack of sensitivity of NEE to meteorology was a result of the correlated response of GPP and R eco . During the snow-free season of the anomalous year of 2011, a biological disturbance related to a larvae outbreak reduced GPP more strongly than R eco . With continued warming temperatures and longer growing seasons, tundra systems will increase rates of C cycling. However, shifts in sink strength will likely be triggered by factors such as biological disturbances, events that will challenge our forecasting of C states.

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Section: Interannual and Seasonal Variation Of Co 2 Ecosystem Fluxessupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Data Processing and Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Interannual and Seasonal Variation Of Co 2 Ecosystem Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exchange of CO<sub>2</sub> in Arctic tundra: impacts of meteorological variations and biological disturbance

López‐Blanco¹,

Lund

Williams

et al. 2017

Biogeosciences

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“…Biological feedback mechanisms from, e.g., insect herbivores could play an important role in this respect (Phoenix and Bjerke 2016;Lund et al 2017). Barrio et al (2017) and Koltz et al (2018a), despite having vastly different research approaches, reached similar conclusions about low impacts of invertebrate herbivory, specifically direct consumption of live plant biomass, on plant damage and nutrient cycling.…”

Section: Biotic Interactions and Ecosystem Effectsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Tundra arthropods provide key insights into ecological responses to environmental change

Høye

Culler

2018

Polar Biol

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Arthropods perform critically important functions in food webs and ecosystems and are highly sensitive to the effects of environmental change. Despite their importance, the knowledge gaps in arthropod ecology are substantial. This is particularly problematic in Earth's polar and alpine regions, where tundra ecosystems are responding rapidly to climate change. Species diversity is lower in these regions versus temperate and tropical regions, but (1) we lack baseline and long-term data about the distributions and abundances of arthropods and their relationships to abiotic variation and (2) the roles of arthropods in these ecosystems are far from fully described. In recognition of the need for increased tundra arthropod research activity, a group of international scientists formed the Network for Arthropods of the Tundra (NeAT). In the past 3 years, this academic network has brought together entomologists from research institutions around the world to revitalize and coordinate the study of tundra arthropods. This special issue on the ecology of tundra arthropods represents a tangible example of this increased momentum. The papers in the special issue highlight recent advances in understanding the relationships between arthropod communities and abiotic variation in tundra ecosystems and clarify the roles that arthropods play in ecosystems. They collectively demonstrate the utility of tundra arthropods as a model system for testing general ecological theory about how species respond to environmental variation. We hope this special issue with the insights it provides and the new frontiers it outlines, together with NeAT, will leverage further momentum to the interest in, and study of the ecology of tundra arthropods in the years to come.

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“…In order to decrease uncertainties around the balance of photosynthetic inputs and respiratory outputs, future explorations on SOC decomposition by microbial activity (Xenakis and Williams, 2014), nutrient interaction with carbon (Thomas and Williams, 2014), plant traits relationships across pan-arctic regions Sloan et al, 2013), the mechanisims driving carbon use efficiency (Bradford and Crowther, 2013;Street et al, 2013) and the drivers of gross flux 410 coupling , or the effect of fine-scale disturbances such as moth outbreaks (Heliasz et al, 2011;López-Blanco et al, 2017;Lund et al, 2017) should be addressed at the pan-Arctic scale. From a modelling perspective, we consider that more field observations are crucial, specifically on plant and soil decomposition (C stocks turnover rates) (He et al, 2016) and respiratory processes (partitioning of R eco into R a and R h ) (Hobbie et al, 2000;McGuire et al, 2000), not only across the growing season, but also during wintertime (Commane et al, 2017;Zona et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of terrestrial pan-Arctic carbon cycling using a data-assimilation system

López‐Blanco

Exbrayat

Lund

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract. There is a significant knowledge gap in the current state of the terrestrial carbon (C) budget. The Arctic accounts 15 for approximately 50% of the global soil organic C stock, emphasizing the important role of Arctic regions in the global C cycle. Recent studies have pointed to the poor understanding of C pools turnover, although remain unclear as to whether productivity or biomass dominate the biases. Here, we use an improved version of the CARDAMOM data-assimilation system, to produce pan-Arctic terrestrial C-related variables without using traditional plant functional type or steady-state assumptions.Our approach integrates a range of data (soil organic C, leaf area index, biomass, and climate) to determine the most likely 20 state of the high latitude C cycle at a 1° x 1° resolution for the first 15 years of the 21 st century, but also to provide general guidance about the controlling biases in the turnover dynamics. As average, CARDAMOM estimates 513 (456, 579), 245(208, 290) and 204 (109, 427) g C m -2 yr -1 (90% confidence interval) from photosynthesis, autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration respectively, suggesting that the pan-Arctic region acted as a likely sink -55 (-152, 157) g C m -2 yr -1 , weaker in tundra and stronger in taiga, but our confidence intervals remain large (and so the region could be a source of C). In general, 25we find a good agreement between CARDAMOM and different sources of assimilated and independent data at both pan-Arctic and local scale. Using CARDAMOM as a benchmarking tool for global vegetation models (GVM), we also conclude that turnover time of vegetation C is weakly simulated in vegetation models and is a major component of error in their forecasts.Our findings highlight that GVM modellers need to focus on the vegetation C stocks dynamics, but also their respiratory losses, to improve our process-based understanding of internal C cycle dynamics in the Arctic. 30Earth Syst. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi

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Larval outbreaks in West Greenland: Instant and subsequent effects on tundra ecosystem productivity and CO2 exchange

Cited by 44 publications

References 35 publications

Exchange of CO<sub>2</sub> in Arctic tundra: impacts of meteorological variations and biological disturbance

Exchange of CO<sub>2</sub> in Arctic tundra: impacts of meteorological variations and biological disturbance

Tundra arthropods provide key insights into ecological responses to environmental change

Evaluation of terrestrial pan-Arctic carbon cycling using a data-assimilation system

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Larval outbreaks in West Greenland: Instant and subsequent effects on tundra ecosystem productivity and CO2 exchange

Cited by 44 publications

References 35 publications

Exchange of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in Arctic tundra: impacts of meteorological variations and biological disturbance

Exchange of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in Arctic tundra: impacts of meteorological variations and biological disturbance

Tundra arthropods provide key insights into ecological responses to environmental change

Evaluation of terrestrial pan-Arctic carbon cycling using a data-assimilation system

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Product

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Exchange of CO<sub>2</sub> in Arctic tundra: impacts of meteorological variations and biological disturbance

Exchange of CO<sub>2</sub> in Arctic tundra: impacts of meteorological variations and biological disturbance