Larval mortality of Culex tarsalis and Aedes aegypti when reared with different concentrations of Tetrahymena pyriformis

Grassmick, Robert A.; Rowley, Wayne A.

doi:10.1016/0022-2011(73)90015-3

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Tetrahymenas commonly regarded as free‐living bacterivores are capable of histophagy, evidenced by their successful long‐term storage with axenic rat gut (Williams et al. ), and laboratory infection of invertebrate hosts using standard laboratory strains has been known for some time (e.g., Grassmick and Rowley ; Thompson ). The presence of variant surface antigens, with structure similar to variant surface antigens of other protist parasites (Simon and Schmidt ), might also indicate an ancient disposition toward parasitism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As with many parasites and pointed out by Struder-Kypke et al (2001), tetrahymenas have complex nutritional requirements, requiring 10 amino acids, sterols, and two nitrogenous bases, among others (Hill 1972), consistent with their having originated as parasites in which nutrient rich environments such as hemocoels or renal glands made metabolic losses tolerable. Tetrahymenas commonly regarded as free-living bacterivores are capable of histophagy, evidenced by their successful long-term storage with axenic rat gut (Williams et al 1980), and laboratory infection of invertebrate hosts using standard laboratory strains has been known for some time (e.g., Grassmick and Rowley 1973;Thompson 1958). The presence of variant surface antigens, with structure similar to variant surface antigens of other protist parasites (Simon and Schmidt 2007), might also indicate an ancient disposition toward parasitism.…”

Section: Parasitism and The Edaphic Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Barcodes Reveal 48 New Species ofTetrahymena,Dexiostoma, andGlaucoma: Phylogeny, Ecology, and Biogeography of New and Established Species

Doerder

2018

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

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Tetrahymena mitochondrial cox1 barcodes and nuclear SSUrRNA sequences are particularly effective at distinguishing among its many cryptic species. In a project to learn more about Tetrahymena natural history, the majority of >1,000 Tetrahymena-like fresh water isolates were assigned to established Tetrahymena species with the remaining assigned to 37 new species of Tetrahymena, nine new species of Dexiostoma and 12 new species of Glaucoma. Phylogenetically, all but three Tetrahymena species belong to the well-established "australis" or "borealis" clades; the minority forms a divergent "paravorax" clade. Most Tetrahymena species are micronucleate, but others are exclusively amicronucleate. The self-splicing intron of the LSUrRNA precursor is absent in Dexiostoma and Glaucoma and was likely acquired subsequent to the "australis/borealis" split; in some instances, its sequence is diagnostic of species. Tetrahymena americanis, T. elliotti, T. gruchyi n. sp., and T. borealis, together accounted for >50% of isolates, consistent with previous findings for established species. The biogeographic range of species found previously in Austria, China, and Pakistan was extended to the Nearctic; some species show evidence of population structure consistent with endemism. Most species were most frequently collected from ponds or lakes, while others, particularly Dexiostoma species, were collected most often from streams or rivers. The results suggest that perhaps hundreds of species remain to be discovered, particularly if collecting is global and includes hosts of parasitic forms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Parasitism and The Edaphic Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Barcodes Reveal 48 New Species ofTetrahymena,Dexiostoma, andGlaucoma: Phylogeny, Ecology, and Biogeography of New and Established Species

Doerder

2018

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

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“…N atural or experimentally induced facultative parasitism of insects by tetrahymenine ciliates has been documented by several authors (Thompson 1958;Seaman et al 1972;Corliss 1973;Grassmick & Rowley 1973), and such predisposition to parasitism may be of importance in the evolution of ciliate endoparasitism (Corliss 1972). Nevertheless, it is becoming increasingly clear that some associations between ciliates and their insect hosts are not simply fortuitous opportunistic instances of parasitism by essentially free-living organisms, but intimate and subtle relationships (Batson 1983).…”

Section: Relating To Insect Ciliatosesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Paradigm for the study of insect-ciliate Relationships: Tetrahymena sialidos sp. nov. (Hymenostomatida: Tetrahymenidae), Parasite of Larval Sialis Lutaria (Linn.) (Megaloptera: Sialidae)

Batson

1985

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

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A new species of hymenostome ciliate, Tetrahymena sialidos sp.nov., is described and proposed as a model for studies upon insect-ciliate interactions. This ciliate occurs as a parasite in the haemocoel of larval Sialis lutaria (Megaloptera) and exhibits field and laboratory characteristics favourable for two particular areas of study, the regulation of invertebrate populations by parasites and insect immunity to parasitic infections. The prevalence of T. sialidos infection in S. lutaria from a small lake in mid-Wales has been monitored during a four-year period. Each summer, early in the first of their two-year aquatic development, 40-70% of S. lutaria larvae become infected. Death of infected larvae due to parasite proliferation is inevitable but does not occur until 11-12 months after infection, when the mean intensity has reached 55000 ciliates per infected host. Ciliates escaping from moribund or dead host larvae undergo a distinct morphological transformation followed by a period of synchronous conjugation. Death of infected host larvae and release of ciliates coincides with the appearance of a new generation of host larvae in which the prevalence of infection rises rapidly. The possible significance of this substantial and persistent regulatory influence upon host population dynamics is discussed in relation to current ideas of parasite regulation of invertebrate populations. Sialis lutaria is not able normally to mount a successful host response against T. sialidos infections. A laboratory thermalshock technique is described by means of which parasitic ciliates may be killed in situ without incurring physical damage to the host. Infected larvae subjected to thermalshock at 39 °C for 1 h subsequently encapsulate and melanize the dead ciliates. The use of this technique is discussed in relation to recognition of non-self in insects and survival strategies of parasites infecting insects.

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“…Ae. aegypti larvae were found to be refractory to T. pyriformis infection producing only3.0% mortality [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chilodonella uncinata – As Potential Protozoan Biopesticide for Mosquito Vectors of Human Diseases

Das¹

2019

Act Scie Micro

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Use of microbial control agents provide alternative method to synthetic pesticide for adequate insect management. Naturally occurring microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa are used as biopesticides. Earlier studies revealed among entomopathogenic protozoa two ciliates, viz.: Lambornella clarki and Chilodonella uncinata are known with many biological control properties.This article addresses the current status of development of Ch uncinata sand formulation which is available in dormant stage in easy formulation and packed in sachet as "infusion bag" (easy to store, transport and treat with shelf life >18 months) to be used as potential biopesticide for mosquito vector of human diseases.During the process there were many questions like: (1) Ch uncinata culture should not be kept in refrigerator. But formulation prepared using the same culture tolerant to extreme cool weather. Reason: Ch uncinata has 4 stages in life cycle of which Trophont, the free living infective stage (in culture) is sensitive to cold; Cyst, the dormant stage (in the formulation) is tolerant to extreme cold situation. (2) Without artificial nutrition medium the culture remains in good condition for a few days when kept in Sun. Ch uncinata (trophont stage) has a chlorophyll particle in its body. (3) All the colonized mosquito larvae were highly susceptible to freshly prepared Ch uncinata strain at VCRC. Later these larvae at VCRC were found highly resistant to the same strain (sub-cultured repeatedly for a month). Due to repeated sub-culturing, Ch uncinata had lost their virulence. This was perhaps the same reason when a graduate student failed to induce infection in colonized larvae when both Ch uncinata and Culex pipiens were reared together. The student came out with a publication stating that Cx pipens was resistant to Ch uncinata which was found to be pathogenic to mosquito larvae elsewhere.

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Larval mortality of Culex tarsalis and Aedes aegypti when reared with different concentrations of Tetrahymena pyriformis

Cited by 10 publications

References 11 publications

Barcodes Reveal 48 New Species ofTetrahymena,Dexiostoma, andGlaucoma: Phylogeny, Ecology, and Biogeography of New and Established Species

Barcodes Reveal 48 New Species ofTetrahymena,Dexiostoma, andGlaucoma: Phylogeny, Ecology, and Biogeography of New and Established Species

A Paradigm for the study of insect-ciliate Relationships: Tetrahymena sialidos sp. nov. (Hymenostomatida: Tetrahymenidae), Parasite of Larval Sialis Lutaria (Linn.) (Megaloptera: Sialidae)

Chilodonella uncinata – As Potential Protozoan Biopesticide for Mosquito Vectors of Human Diseases

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