Larvae in Invertebrate Development and Evolution

Hickman, Carole S.

doi:10.1016/b978-012730935-4/50003-1

Cited by 51 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Caenogastropods with planktotrophic larval development may have a sinusigera, that is, the larval shell terminates with two notches and a median larval beak (e.g. Hickman , , b; Figs , A, see below).…”

Section: The Gastropod Protoconchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In many caenogastropod species with planktotrophic larval development, the larval shell ends abruptly and terminates with two notches and a median larval beak, the so‐called sinusigera (e.g. Hickman , , b; Figs , A, B, E). The notches accommodate the lobes of the velum and the beak protects the larval head (Hickman ).…”

Section: The Gastropod Protoconchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fact that gastropod larvae are armoured (have a shell) and have an operculum alone suggest that predation in the plankton is pervasive. Hickman (, b, ) interpreted morphological features of gastropod larval shells as defence, that is, the beak to protect the head, varices and peripheral carinations or sculptures to strengthen the shell. Moreover Hickman (, b, ) reported healed shell fractures at larval beaks of shells of gastropod veligers and interpreted them as results of failed predation attempts by unknown planktonic animals.…”

Section: Predation On Gastropod Larvaementioning

confidence: 99%

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Larval ecology and morphology in fossil gastropods

Nützel

2014

Palaeontology

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The shell of marine gastropods conserves and reflects early ontogeny, including embryonic and larval stages, to a high degree when compared with other marine invertebrates. Planktotrophic larval development is indicated by a small embryonic shell (size is also related to systematic placement) with little yolk followed by a multiwhorled shell formed by a free‐swimming veliger larva. Basal gastropod clades (e.g. Vetigastropoda) lack planktotrophic larval development. The great majority of Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic ‘derived’ marine gastropods (Neritimorpha, Caenogastropoda and Heterobranchia) with known protoconch had planktotrophic larval development. Dimensions of internal moulds of protoconchs suggest that planktotrophic larval development was largely absent in the Cambrian and evolved at the Cambrian–Ordovician transition, mainly due to increasing benthic predation. The evolution of planktotrophic larval development offered advantages and opportunities such as more effective dispersal, enhanced gene flow between populations and prevention of inbreeding. Early gastropod larval shells were openly coiled and weakly sculptured. During the Mid‐ and Late Palaeozoic, modern tightly coiled larval shells (commonly with strong sculpture) evolved due to increasing predation pressure in the plankton. The presence of numerous Late Palaeozoic and Triassic gastropod species with planktotrophic larval development suggests sufficient primary production although direct evidence for phytoplankton is scarce in this period. Contrary to previous suggestions, it seems unlikely that the end‐Permian mass extinction selected against species with planktotrophic larval development. The molluscan classes with highest species diversity (Gastropoda and Bivalvia) are those which may have planktotrophic larval development. Extremely high diversity in such groups as Caenogastropoda or eulamellibranch bivalves is the result of high phylogenetic activity and is associated with the presence of planktotrophic veliger larvae in many members of these groups, although causality has not been shown yet. A new gastropod species and genus, Anachronistella peterwagneri, is described from the Late Triassic Cassian Formation; it is the first known Triassic gastropod with an openly coiled larval shell.

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Section: The Gastropod Protoconchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Gastropod Protoconchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Predation On Gastropod Larvaementioning

confidence: 99%

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Larval ecology and morphology in fossil gastropods

Nützel

2014

Palaeontology

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“…In other words, they are dimorphic for the two key traits that form the foundation for larval diversity in benthic marine invertebrates (Thorson 1946;Levin and Bridges 1995). In general, planktotrophic species produce larvae with a dispersive, feeding period in the plankton before metamorphosis and have larval morphologies that are considered adaptive for those behaviors, such as ciliary bands and elaborate extensions (Emlet 1991;Strathmann et al 1992;Hickman 1999). In contrast, adelphophagic species produce offspring that ingest nurse eggs (nondeveloping eggs) and hatch at an advanced stage with a short or absent dispersive phase.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most effort to understand the evolution of larval phenotype in marine invertebrates comes from larval ecology and studies of the adaptive role of specific morphologies (e.g., McEdward and Janies 1997;Hart and Wray 1999;Hickman 1999). Studies of heterochrony among congeners with alternate developmental modes indicate that changes in timing of specific, early developmental events can greatly influence larval form (Parks et al 1988;Raff 1989, 1990).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterochrony and the Evolution of Poecilogony: Generating Larval Diversity

Gibson

2004

Evolution

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Poecilogony is the production of more than one type of young within a single species of marine invertebrate. We chose a poecilogonous polychaete to investigate potential differences in morphogenesis among offspring that are polymorphic in dispersal potentials (planktonic, benthic) and trophic modes (planktotrophy, adelphophagy). Differences in morphogenesis occur and are strongly influenced by maternal type. Females that provide extra-embryonic nutrition (as nurse eggs; type III females) also produce offspring with an accelerated onset of juvenile traits, relative to planktotrophic offspring of females that do not provide extra-embryonic nutrition (type I females). Thus, progeny of some females appear morphologically preadapted for a benthic lifestyle. Surprisingly, differences in phenotype among offspring do not parallel offspring ecotype, as offspring with early onset of juvenile traits (III) are ecologically bimodal. Some Type III offspring eat the nurse eggs (adelphophagy), have accelerated development, and hatch as benthic juveniles. In contrast, their siblings hatch as small, planktotrophic, dispersive larvae that are morphologically similar to their type III siblings, but ecologically similar to Type I planktotrophic larvae. We propose that poecilogony evolved through sequence heterochrony in morphogenesis with accelerated onset of juvenile traits in type III offspring. In addition, we suggest that heterochrony in life-history events (hatching, metamorphosis) also occurs, thereby generating offspring that are dimorphic in both phenotype and ecotype. Over time, selection acting on different levels of ontogeny (morphogenesis vs. dispersal) may balance this polymorphism and allow poecilogony to persist.

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Gastropod ontogenetic torsion: Developmental remnants of an ancient evolutionary change in body plan

Page

2003

J Exp Zool Pt B

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A dramatic morphogenetic movement ('ontogenetic torsion') during the development of gastropods has been proposed as a recapitulation of the original developmental departure that established the novel gastropod body plan. Nevertheless, speculative literature about ontogenetic torsion and its evolutionary significance has far outstripped empirical observations and recent results suggest that the developmental process may be somewhat different than the traditional description. I used scanning electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, phalloidin labeling, and histological sections to monitor displacements of five components of the visceropallium with respect to axial coordinates of the cephalopodium in developing embryos of the caenogastropod, Trichotropis cancellata. Embryos of this species achieve a transient stage of anatomical organization that also arises during development of a vetigastropod (Haliotis kamtschatkana), although morphogenetic processes that generate this stage are different in these two species. At the stage of similarity, the embryonic shell has achieved its definitive orientation with respect to the cephalopodium, but the developing mantle cavity, sensory osphradium, and anus are confined to the right side. I also show that this stage of anatomical organization is recognizable during the development of other gastropods, which collectively represent three major gastropod clades. I propose that ontogenetic torsion should be viewed as a conserved stage of anatomical organization during development, rather than a conserved process of 1801 rotation between the visceropallium and cephalopodium. The results lead to the suggestion that the mantle cavity of extant gastropods evolved by enlargement of the right side of the mantle cavity in a monoplacophoran-like ancestor. Under this interpretation, there is no need for a hypothetical pre-gastropod with a mantle cavity that was restricted to the posterior end. J Exp. Zool (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 297B:11-26,

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Larvae in Invertebrate Development and Evolution

Cited by 51 publications

References 59 publications

Larval ecology and morphology in fossil gastropods

Larval ecology and morphology in fossil gastropods

Heterochrony and the Evolution of Poecilogony: Generating Larval Diversity

Gastropod ontogenetic torsion: Developmental remnants of an ancient evolutionary change in body plan

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