More than half a century has passed after the pioneering work on atmospheric circulation predictions by Joseph Smagorinsky who established the scientific foundations of Large Eddy Simulations. Almost thirty years later, in 1994, the first international Workshop devoted to Direct and Large Eddy Simulations, DLES1 was hosted at the University Of Surrey. The success of the first ERCOFTAC DLES1 (European Research Community On Flow, Turbulence and Combustion) initiated a series of biannual DLES events. During these years-even with the most conservative estimates-the computing power has increased by at least two orders of magnitude. This continuing progress motivated and inspired researchers to apply DNS and LES to ever more challenging flows at ever higher Reynolds numbers, including multiple physical phenomena. The present volume contains the proceedings of the 10th ERCOFTAC Workshop on Direct and Large Eddy Simulation, DLES10, which was hosted by the Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering of the University of Cyprus, 27-29 May 2015 in Limassol, Cyprus. The main goal of the workshop was to discuss state-of-the-art DNS, LES and related techniques for the computation and modelling of turbulent and transitional flows. We hope that this volume, together with the expected advances in computational power, will motivate further developments in turbulent flow predictions and shed more light on this main problem of fluid mechanics. The gathering at DLES10 of specialists in the field offered a unique opportunity to the participants to exchange ideas and discuss in a fruitful manner recent advances on the partial or full resolution of instantaneous turbulent flow and its statistical aspects. A total of 85 people participated from twenty different countries and three different continents, including seven invited speakers and 37 PhD students who were kindly financially supported by the European Research Community on Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, ERCOFTAC. The broad range of featured topics for the 10th edition of DLES in Cyprus were as follows: LES fundamentals and modelling, quality of LES, numerical techniques, heat and mass transfer, biological flows, multiphase flows, industrial applications, environmental and geophysical applications as well as reacting flows and v