“…Molecular phylogenetic data have resolved many relationships within Lepidoptera (Breinholt et al, 2018;Hamilton et al, 2019;Homziak et al, 2019;Rota et al, 2022;St Laurent et al, 2020. Revision of Noctuoidea relationships was initiated in the past decades on the basis of molecular phylogenetics (Keegan et al, 2021;Li et al, 2023;Mitchell et al, 2006;Weller et al, 1994;Zahiri et al, 2011Zahiri et al, , 2012Zahiri et al, , 2013Zahiri et al, , 2023. We have not yet arrived at a stable resolution for Noctuoidea nor do we attempt it here, given our sampling focus on Noto- forces reconsideration of the transformation of these traits, an exercise that impacts our understanding of Noctuoidea and Lepidoptera evolution more broadly.…”