Large‐Scale Fabrication of Core–Shell Structured C/SnO₂ Hollow Spheres as Anode Materials with Improved Lithium Storage Performance

Abstract

Due to the high theoretical capacity as high as 1494 mAh g , SnO is considered as a potential anode material for high-capacity lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Therefore, the simple but effective method focused on fabrication of SnO is imperative. To meet this, a facile and efficient strategy to fabricate core-shell structured C/SnO hollow spheres by a solvothermal method is reported. Herein, the solid and hollow structure as well as the carbon content can be controlled. Very importantly, high-yield C/SnO spheres can be produced by this method, which suggest potential business applications in LIBs field. Owing to the dual buffer effect of the carbon layer and hollow structures, the core-shell structured C/SnO hollow spheres deliver a high reversible discharge capacity of 1007 mAh g at a current density of 100 mA g after 300 cycles and a superior discharge capacity of 915 mAh g at 500 mA g after 500 cycles. Even at a high current density of 1 and 2 A g , the core-shell structured C/SnO hollow spheres electrode still exhibits excellent discharge capacity in the long life cycles. Consideration of the superior performance and high yield, the core-shell structured C/SnO hollow spheres are of great interest for the next-generation LIBs.

Synthesis of hierarchical Sn/SnO nanosheets assembled by carbon-coated hollow nanospheres as anode materials for lithium/sodium ion batteries

“…An irreversible reduction peak at 0.9 V can be observed during the rst cathodic sweep, which is associated with the reduction of SnO to metallic Sn and the formation of a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer on the electrode surface. 42,43 The pronounced cathodic peak at the voltage close to 0.0 V can be ascribed to the alloying reaction of metallic Sn with lithium to form Li x Sn. In the following anodic scan, a strong peak at 0.6 V and a broad peak at 1.27 V can be detected, corresponding to the dealloying reaction of Li x Sn and partial reversible formation of SnO, respectively, consistent with the Sn-based anodes reported previously.…”

A textile-based SnO2 ultra-flexible electrode for lithium-ion batteries

“…[44][45][46][47] Amongst them, tin dioxide (SnO 2 ) has a theoretical specific capacity of 781 mAh g -1 as a result of the reversible alloying/dealloying process between Sn and Li. [48][49][50][51][52] However, the poor electric conductivity of SnO 2 limits the rate capability and the cycle life of the electrodes. [53,54] Also, the drastic volume change during the alloying/dealloying cycles causes serious structural disintegration problems within the anode and subsequently a quick capacity fading.…”

“…Arranging the nanomaterials into 3D architectures has also been investigated. [71,72] In addition, electrodes based on core-shell structures [73,74], 3D hierarchical porous architectures [75,76], and sandwich structures [77,78], associated with good mechanical stability, large surface area, and numerous active sites receive wide exploitation in supercapacitors and batteries. [79][80][81] However, most of these new 3D structural tin dioxide materials are not suitable for flexible devices either because they have poor electrical conductivity, or because they require expensive methods for preparation.…”

In‐situ Grown SnO2 Nanospheres on Reduced GO Nanosheets as Advanced Anodes for Lithium‐ion Batteries

“…The TEM images of 2D SRG after 500 cycles have been performed to investigate the structural stability of 2D SRG (see Fig.S2, Supporting Information). To illustrate the extraordinary long‐term cycling properties of the 2D SRG electrodes developed in this study, a summary of the cycling results of similar SnO 2 /C‐based anode materials reported in the last three years is given in Table . Demonstrably, the result in our study offers so far the superior reversible capacity upon long cycles at a relatively high current density of 1 A g −1 .…”