Large scale energy storage systems based on carbon dioxide thermal cycles: A critical review

Shamsi, Syed Safeer Mehdi; Barberis, Stefano; Maccarini, Simone; Traverso, Alberto

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2023.114245

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 88 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Understanding the thermal balance of a lead-acid battery is important for continuous useful application of this time-proven electrochemical technology. Energy storage research is presently a highly regarded and also highly competitive environment, varying in different application solutions from automobile SLI (starting, lights, ignition) to small power applications of daily use to large power applications ensuring energy stability and power grid quality [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Lead-acid batteries (LAB) still play an important part on the battery market, and are financially the best compromise in power, longevity and ability to be recycled in the circularity management [7][8][9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat Effects during the Operation of Lead-Acid Batteries

Bača,

Vanýsek,

Langer

et al. 2024

Batteries

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Thermal events in lead-acid batteries during their operation play an important role; they affect not only the reaction rate of ongoing electrochemical reactions, but also the rate of discharge and self-discharge, length of service life and, in critical cases, can even cause a fatal failure of the battery, known as “thermal runaway.” This contribution discusses the parameters affecting the thermal state of the lead-acid battery. It was found by calculations and measurements that there is a cooling component in the lead-acid battery system which is caused by the endothermic discharge reactions and electrolysis of water during charging, related to entropy change contribution. Thus, under certain circumstances, it is possible to lower the temperature of the lead-acid battery during its discharging. The Joule heat generated on the internal resistance of the cell due to current flow, the exothermic charging reaction, and above all, the gradual increase in polarization as the cell voltage increases during charging all contribute to the heating of the cell, overtaking the cooling effect. Of these three sources of thermal energy, Joule heating in polarization resistance contributes the most to the temperature rise in the lead-acid battery. Thus, the maximum voltage reached determines the slope of the temperature rise in the lead-acid battery cell, and by a suitably chosen limiting voltage, it is possible to limit the danger of the “thermal runaway” effect. The overall thermal conditions of the experimental cell are significantly affected by the ambient temperature of the external environment and the rate of heat transfer through the walls of the calorimeter. A series of experiments with direct temperature measurement of individual locations within a lead-acid battery uses a calorimeter made of expanded polystyrene to minimize external influences. A hitherto unpublished phenomenon is discussed whereby the temperature of the positive electrode was lower than that of the negative electrode throughout the discharge, while during charging, the order was reversed and the temperature of the positive electrode was higher than that of the negative electrode throughout the charge. The authors relate this phenomenon to the higher reaction entropy change of the active mass of the positive electrode than that of the negative electrode.

show abstract