“…Unfortunately for nonnative learners, our relatively poor Tone 2 and Tone 3 results are in line with previous lab-based and classroom-based L2 Mandarin acquisition research (e.g., Chen et al, 2016;Everson & Shen, 2010;Hao, 2012;Wiener, 2017;Wiener, Lee, & Tao, 2019;Yang, 2015Yang, , 2016. Even the L2 Mandarin speakers tested in the present study with over 140 hours of classroom experience still produced Tone 2 and Tone 3 with less than 70% accuracy.…”