Large-Scale 3D Printing for Construction Application by Means of Robotic Arm and Gantry 3D Printer: A Review

Puzatova, Anastasia; Shakor, Pshtiwan; Laghi, Vittoria; Dmitrieva, M. A.

doi:10.3390/buildings12112023

Cited by 38 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 129 publications

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“…Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), also known as reactive powder concrete (RPC) and ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) (Ter Maten, 2011;Qaidi et al, 2022a;Tayeh et al, 2022c), is an advanced class of fiber-reinforced cementitious material obtained through the removal of coarse aggregate, optimization of particle gradation, use of admixtures and microfibers (Ter Maten, 2011;Saeed et al, 2022;Zeybek et al, 2022). It consists of fine powders such as cement, quartz, fine sand, and mineral additives such as fly ash, silica fume, and ground granulated blast-furnace slag, used due to their pozzolanic properties and filling capacity (Shakor et al, 2019a;Puzatova et al, 2022;Vinod et al, 2022). With a low w/c ratio [typically less than 0.25 (Graybeal, 2014;Sanjuán and Andrade, 2021)], superplasticizers are also used to ensure good flow, consolidation, and workability of UHPC (Caluk et al, 2019;Tayeh et al, 2022a;Qaidi et al, 2022f).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of ternary hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of ultrahigh-strength concrete

et al. 2023

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Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), an advanced class of fiber-reinforced cementitious material with extraordinary mechanical properties, low permeability, shrinkage and creep, and high energy absorption capacity, has seen steady increase in use, with applications covering construction of new members and retrofit of existing ones. Fibers are added in the UHPC mix to bridge cracks, carry tensile stresses, and contribute greatly to member ductility and load capacity. Hybrid fibers comprising micro and macro types are beneficial where the first type resists microcracking and the second targets macrocracking. This study investigates the effects of blending three fiber types, namely, hooked-end steel (referred to as type 1, representing macro fibers class), straight-end steel (type 2, intermediate size fibers), and carbon (type 2, micro size fiber), on the mechanical properties of UHPC. Experimental tests were performed to characterize the following mechanical properties: flowability, compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and dry shrinkage. The primary variable in the tests was the blending of different fiber types, using either a unary form of type 1, a binary form of type 1 and 3 or type 2 and 3, and a ternary mix of all three types, at 1.56% dosage by volume. The mix with ternary fibers yielded a compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity that is 14%–17%, 14%–16.8%, 43.66%–22.16%, and 12%–16%, larger than the same respective properties of the mix with unary fibers. In addition, ternary fibers increased the cohesiveness of the mix by 17% and 26% compared to unary fibers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of ternary hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of ultrahigh-strength concrete

et al. 2023

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“…A requirement for sustainability is that the process should be accurate and reproducible in the realization of the designed components, avoiding the need for extensive preliminary testing and limiting the quantity of produced scrap components. As a result, LMD machine manufacturers typically provide solutions based on CNC gantry or cartesian kinematics, which are generally more precise and robust than articulated robot-based systems, but much more expensive and less flexible [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the topic is often debated in the construction research field, where huge volumes of deposition are ordinary. The primary AM technologies used in the construction industry include wire arc AM (WAAM) for metallic structures [18,19] and concrete deposition for 3D-printed buildings [20,21]. One of the research questions addressed is the selection between CNC gantry and articulated robot machines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison between Eight-Axis Articulated Robot and Five-Axis CNC Gantry Laser Metal Deposition Machines for Fabricating Large Components

Maffia

Chiappini²,

Maggiani³

et al. 2023

Applied Sciences

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Laser metal deposition (LMD) is an additive manufacturing (AM) process capable of producing large components for the aerospace and oil and gas industries. This is achieved by mounting the deposition head on a motion system, such as an articulated robot or a gantry computer numerical control (CNC) machine, which can scan large volumes. Articulated robots are more flexible and less expensive than CNC machines, which on the other hand, are more accurate. This study compares two LMD systems with different motion architectures (i.e., an eight-axis articulated robot and a five-axis CNC gantry machine) in producing a large gas turbine axisymmetric component. The same process parameters were applied to both machines. The deposited components show no significant differences in geometry, indicating that the different performances in terms of accuracy of the two machines do not influence the outcome. The findings indicate that LMD can consistently produce large-scale axisymmetric metal components with both types of equipment. For such an application, the user has the option of using an articulated robot when flexibility and cost are essential, such as in a research context, or a CNC machine where ease of programming and process standardization are important elements, such as in an industrial environment.

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“…Although there are a few 3DP methods [13], and quite a substantial number of material mixtures are used in different methods and different ideas of reinforcement, there is still not enough information about how printed materials behave, and what possibilities of improvement there are [3,5,10,14]. Each method of printing has its flaws.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Materials can be also designed to be functionally graded (FG), which means that the material’s properties change stepwise in a sequence of layers or according to desired gradient [ 21 , 22 ]. To increase the building capabilities of CP, there have been attempts of adding reinforcement to printed layers via the addition of fibre reinforcement [ 13 , 23 ] into the material mixture, the addition of continuous reinforcement between the printed layers [ 2 , 3 , 24 ], or even with the use of nails [ 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 3D Printing Method of Cement-Based FGM Composites Containing Granulated Cork, Polypropylene Fibres, and a Polyethylene Net Interlayer

2023

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The increasing popularity of additive manufacturing technologies in the prototyping and building industry requires the application of novel, improved composite materials. In this paper, we propose the use of a novel 3D printing cement-based composite material with natural, granulated cork, and additional reinforcement using a continuous polyethylene interlayer net combined with polypropylene fibre reinforcement. Our assessment of different physical and mechanical properties of the used materials during the 3D printing process and after curing verified the applicability of the new composite. The composite exhibited orthotropic properties, and the compressive toughness in the direction of layer stacking was lower than that perpendicular to it, by 29.8% without net reinforcement, 42.6% with net reinforcement, and 42.9% with net reinforcement and an additional freeze–thaw test. The use of the polymer net as a continuous reinforcement led to decreased compressive toughness, lowering it on average by 38.5% for the stacking direction and 23.8% perpendicular to the stacking direction. However, the net reinforcement additionally lowered slumping and elephant’s foot effects. Moreover, the net reinforcement added residual strength, which allowed for the continuous use of the composite material after the failure of the brittle material. Data obtained during the process can be used for further development and improvement of 3D-printable building materials.

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Large-Scale 3D Printing for Construction Application by Means of Robotic Arm and Gantry 3D Printer: A Review

Cited by 38 publications

References 129 publications

Influence of ternary hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of ultrahigh-strength concrete

Influence of ternary hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of ultrahigh-strength concrete

Comparison between Eight-Axis Articulated Robot and Five-Axis CNC Gantry Laser Metal Deposition Machines for Fabricating Large Components

A 3D Printing Method of Cement-Based FGM Composites Containing Granulated Cork, Polypropylene Fibres, and a Polyethylene Net Interlayer

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