Large outbreak of hepatitis A in tourists staying at a hotel in Hurghada, Egypt, 2004 – orange juice implicated

Frank, Christina; Walter, Jan; Muehlen, Marion; Jansen, Andreas; Treeck, Ulrich van; Hauri, Anja M.; Zoellner, Iris; Schreier, E.; Hamouda, Osamah; Stark, Klaus

doi:10.2807/esw.10.23.02720-en

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…This lack of anti-HAV antibodies among younger Japanese people seemed to have contributed to a sustained nationwide outbreak of HAV in 2014. Similarly low prevalence of anti-HAV antibodies is also observed in other developed countries, and it may contribute to some of the outbreaks in these countries that resulted from imported disease [2,3,22,23]. However, in spite of this vulnerability to HAV infection, there is still no recommendation for HAV vaccination in Japan, except for individuals traveling to high-risk destinations abroad.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Epidemiological and genetic analysis of a 2014 outbreak of hepatitis A in Japan

Ishii

Kiyohara

Yoshizaki

et al. 2015

Vaccine

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Hepatitis A occurs worldwide, and humans are thought to be the natural host of HAV. The virus is transmitted through person-to-person contact via a fecal-oral route usually through ingestion of contaminated food, water, or both [1][2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological and genetic analysis of a 2014 outbreak of hepatitis A in Japan

Ishii

Kiyohara

Yoshizaki

et al. 2015

Vaccine

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“…Short-term visitors are of special concern, because they are often frequent travelers with a cumulative exposure to HAV [1]. Stays in luxury hotels by no means are exempt from risk [12]; this has recently been demonstrated by an outbreak ( ) among mainly n p 352 German tourists who had stayed in a first-class hotel in Hurghada, Egypt [16]. Conflicts in a particular region result in destruction of infrastructure and a decline in sanitary conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis A virus infections in travelers, 1988–2004

Mutsch¹,

Spicher²,

Gut³

et al. 2006

Journal of Infection

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Background. Uncertainty exists about the current risk of hepatitis A virus infection in nonimmune travelers to destinations with high or intermediate risk of transmission. We analyzed recent epidemiological data on imported hepatitis A to determine region-specific attack rates and incidences.Methods. Surveillance data on hepatitis A virus infections diagnosed during 1988-2004 were evaluated on the basis of notification by laboratories, additional reports of physicians, and traveler's statistics. This study focuses on international travelers with hepatitis A virus infection detected after their return to Switzerland.Results. The rate of imported hepatitis A virus infections decreased 75% from 1988 to 2004 and accounted overall for 42% of all hepatitis A cases reported in Switzerland. The actual incidence of hepatitis A in travelers to countries of high or intermediate risk of transmission was 3.0-11.0 per 100,000 person-months abroad for all travelers and 6.0-28.0 per 100,000 for those presumed to be nonimmune. The actual proportion of those visiting friends and relatives among patients with hepatitis A has increased to 28.2%, with children aged 0-14 years predominating. Reductions in the incidence by hepatitis A vaccination were estimated to vary between 35.0% and 61.8% for different destinations.Conclusions. The risk of hepatitis A virus infections has decreased by a factor of 10-50-fold over time, compared with findings from older studies. The risk, however, remains very considerable at many destinations, including frequently visited places, such as Mexico. Children of immigrants are a high-risk population. Strategies are needed to reach those at highest risk.

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“…The transmission of hepatitis A virus (HAV) through the fecal−oral route implies that hygienic and sanitary conditions are important factors in the epidemiology of the disease, with a higher sero-prevalence in developing countries [ 2 , 6 ]. On the contrary, the delayed exposure to HAV in developed countries can result in a higher possibility of large symptomatic outbreaks of hepatitis A [ 7 , 8 ]. Large-scale outbreaks of hepatitis A are frequently associated with the consumption of contaminated water or food (e.g., leafy green vegetables, frozen fruits, and ready-to-eat salads) [ 9 , 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking the Epidemiologic Shifts in Hepatitis A Sero-Prevalence Using Age Stratification: A Cross-Sectional Study at Jordan University Hospital

et al. 2021

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The study of hepatitis A virus (HAV) epidemiology and sero-prevalence has important public health implications. Changes in the epidemiology of hepatitis A can result in a larger pool of susceptible persons in countries with improved sanitation and hygienic conditions if vaccination is not provided. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HAV immunoglobulin G (IgG) in Jordan. In addition, we aimed to identify the potential differences in HAV sero-prevalence based on age, among other variables. We recruited the study participants at Jordan University Hospital in Amman, Jordan, during October 2020–June 2021. Assessment of participants’ socio-demographic variables was done using a paper-based questionnaire. Testing for HAV IgG was based on a competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The study population comprised 360 individuals with a median age of 18 years. The overall sero-prevalence of HAV in our study sample was 38.3%. Divided by age, the sero-prevalence of HAV was 8.2%, 12.3%, and 20.8% among individuals aged 10 years or less, 15 years or less, and 30 years or less, respectively. The estimated age at mid-population immunity was between 21 and 30 years. Besides age, individuals residing outside the Central region of Jordan had a significantly higher HAV sero-prevalence. Additionally, the use of filtered municipal water was associated with a lower sero-prevalence of HAV compared with the use of unfiltered municipal water among individuals aged 15 years or less. The results of this study suggest an intermediate to low endemicity of HAV in Jordan. An epidemiologic shift of HAV sero-prevalence with a declining rate of positivity for HAV IgG was noticed in this study. This highlights the importance of the recently introduced HAV vaccination in Jordan. Future research to evaluate the public health benefits of HAV vaccination in Jordan is recommended.

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Large outbreak of hepatitis A in tourists staying at a hotel in Hurghada, Egypt, 2004 – orange juice implicated

Abstract: In August and September 2004, a large outbreak of hepatitis A occurred involving tourists staying at a specific hotel in the Egyptian resort of Hurghada. A total of 351 cases associated with this outbreak

Cited by 10 publications

References 2 publications

Epidemiological and genetic analysis of a 2014 outbreak of hepatitis A in Japan

Epidemiological and genetic analysis of a 2014 outbreak of hepatitis A in Japan

Hepatitis A virus infections in travelers, 1988–2004

Tracking the Epidemiologic Shifts in Hepatitis A Sero-Prevalence Using Age Stratification: A Cross-Sectional Study at Jordan University Hospital

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