Large-Format Geiger-Mode Avalanche Photodiode Arrays and Readout Circuits

Aull, Brian F.; Duerr, E.K.; Frechette, Jonathan; McIntosh, K. A.; Schuette, D. R.; Younger, R.D.

doi:10.1109/jstqe.2017.2736440

Cited by 40 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In 2002, they demonstrated an FSI

SPAD array wirebonded on top of a 16-channel front-end ASIC implemented in HP

CMOS process [ 19 ]. Meanwhile, the MIT Lincoln Laboratory developed their proprietary 3D integration process based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology, which led them to the first 3D PDC interconnected vertically using through silicon vias (TSVs) in 2006 [ 71 , 80 ]. The top layer includes an array of

SPADs of 50

pitch.…”

Section: Review Of 3d Pdcmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This contrasts with the FSI scheme, where those regions overlay each other. This imposes that the BSI design be fully depleted with a low-p-type or intrinsic absorption region [80,108]. In the FSI case, the structure is narrowly depleted and the profile type (p + n or n + p) must be chosen according to the wavelength of interest, depending on whether most photons are absorbed above the depletion (p + n ) or below the junction (n + p).…”

Section: Spad Arraymentioning

confidence: 99%

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3D Photon-To-Digital Converter for Radiation Instrumentation: Motivation and Future Works

Pratte

Nolet

Parent

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Analog and digital SiPMs have revolutionized the field of radiation instrumentation by replacing both avalanche photodiodes and photomultiplier tubes in many applications. However, multiple applications require greater performance than the current SiPMs are capable of, for example timing resolution for time-of-flight positron emission tomography and time-of-flight computed tomography, and mitigation of the large output capacitance of SiPM array for large-scale time projection chambers for liquid argon and liquid xenon experiments. In this contribution, the case will be made that 3D photon-to-digital converters, also known as 3D digital SiPMs, have a potentially superior performance over analog and 2D digital SiPMs. A review of 3D photon-to-digital converters is presented along with various applications where they can make a difference, such as time-of-flight medical imaging systems and low-background experiments in noble liquids. Finally, a review of the key design choices that must be made to obtain an optimized 3D photon-to-digital converter for radiation instrumentation, more specifically the single-photon avalanche diode array, the CMOS technology, the quenching circuit, the time-to-digital converter, the digital signal processing and the system level integration, are discussed in detail.

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“…In 2002, they demonstrated an FSI

SPAD array wirebonded on top of a 16-channel front-end ASIC implemented in HP

SPADs of 50

pitch.…”

Section: Review Of 3d Pdcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Spad Arraymentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Photon-To-Digital Converter for Radiation Instrumentation: Motivation and Future Works

Pratte

Nolet

Parent

et al. 2021

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…[ 103 ] Indeed, the number of thin SPADs that can be integrated is currently limited by the electrical connections with the external electronics, even though other research groups have already started the investigation of 3D integration techniques to increase the array format up to 256 × 256 and beyond. [ 104 ] Other advantages of thin SPADs are the high count rate they can achieve (up to 160 Mcps with an afterpulsing probability lower than 5% [ 105 ] ) and the low timing jitter (down to 32 ps FWHM even for a detector diameter as large as 200 µm [ 64 ] ) that, thanks to the employment of a suitable front end circuit, [ 72 ] can be obtained also in thin SPADs having a relatively low avalanche electric field. This is indeed very important to obtain at the same time a sharp timing response and a low DCR of few cps (demonstrated for circular SPADs having 50 µm diameter and operating at ‐20°C [ 106 ] ).…”

Section: Fabrication Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances and Future Perspectives of Single‐Photon Avalanche Diodes for Quantum Photonics Applications

et al. 2020

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Photonic quantum technologies promise a revolution of the world of information processing, from simulation and computing to communication and sensing, thanks to the many advantages of exploiting single photons as quantum information carriers. In this scenario, single‐photon detectors play a key role. On the one hand, superconducting nanowire single‐photon detectors (SNSPDs) are able to provide remarkable performance on a broad spectral range, but their applicability is often limited by the need of cryogenic operating temperatures. On the other hand, single‐photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) overcome the intrinsic limitations of SNSPDs by providing a valid alternative at room temperature or slightly below. In this paper, the authors review the fundamental principles of the SPAD operation and provide a thorough discussion of the recent progress made in this field, comparing the performance of these devices with the requirements of the quantum photonics applications. In the end, the authors conclude with their vision of the future by summarizing prospects and unbeaten paths that can open new perspectives in the field of photonic quantum information processing.

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“…Thin SPAD arrays have been demonstrated to date up to a format of 8 × 8, with a separation pitch of 250 µm [109]. Indeed, the number of thin SPADs that can be integrated is currently limited by the electrical connections with the external electronics, even though other research groups have already started the investigation of 3D integration techniques to increase the array format up to 256×256 and beyond [110]. Other advantages of thin SPADs are the high count rate they can achieve (up to 160 Mcps with an afterpulsing probability lower than 5% [111]) and the low timing jitter (down to 32 ps FWHM even for a detector diameter as large as 200 µm [70]) that, thanks to the employment of a suitable front end circuit [78], can be obtained also in thin SPADs having a relatively low avalanche electric field.…”

Section: Spads For Visible/nir Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances and future perspectives of single-photon avalanche diodes for quantum photonics applications

Ceccarelli,

Acconcia,

Gulinatti

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Photonic quantum technologies promise a revolution of the world of information processing, from simulation and computing to communication and sensing, thanks to the many advantages of exploiting single photons as quantum information carriers. In this scenario, single-photon detectors play a key role. On the one hand, superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) are able to provide remarkable performance on a broad spectral range, but their applicability is often limited by the need of cryogenic operating temperatures. On the other hand, single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) overcome the intrinsic limitations of SNSPDs by providing a valid alternative at room temperature or slightly below. In this paper, we review the fundamental principles of the SPAD operation and we provide a thorough discussion of the recent progress made in this field, comparing the performance of these devices with the requirements of the quantum photonics applications. In the end, we conclude with our vision of the future by summarizing prospects and unbeaten paths that can open new perspectives in the field of photonic quantum information processing.

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Large-Format Geiger-Mode Avalanche Photodiode Arrays and Readout Circuits

Cited by 40 publications

References 21 publications

3D Photon-To-Digital Converter for Radiation Instrumentation: Motivation and Future Works

3D Photon-To-Digital Converter for Radiation Instrumentation: Motivation and Future Works

Recent Advances and Future Perspectives of Single‐Photon Avalanche Diodes for Quantum Photonics Applications

Recent advances and future perspectives of single-photon avalanche diodes for quantum photonics applications

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