Large CO<sub>2</sub> reductions via offshore wind power matched to inherent storage in energy end‐uses

Kempton, Willett; Archer, Cristina L.; Dhanju, Amardeep; Garvine, Richard W.; Jacobson, Mark Z.

doi:10.1029/2006gl028016

Cited by 87 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…For surface winds over land globally, Archer and Jacobson (1) estimate the wind resource at 72 terawatt (TW), nearly five times the 13 TW world's demand for all energy. In a more detailed regional estimate, Kempton et al (2) calculated that two-thirds of the offshore wind power off the U.S. Northeast is sufficient to provide all electricity, all lightvehicle transportation fuel, and all building heat for the adjacent states from Massachusetts to North Carolina. * Planning of wind development in the U.S. Atlantic region is already underway.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Each square represents a planned array of 80-150 turbines, with each array having a capacity of 280-425 megawatts (MW). Together these represent a power capacity of about 1,700 MW (the scale of a large coal or nuclear power plant), yet together they tap only 0.1% of the region's offshore wind resource (2). Each will be connected independently to the electric grid by a submerged power transmission cable running ashore to the closest transmission.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Electric power from offshore wind via synoptic-scale interconnection

Kempton

Pimenta

Veron

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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153

109

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World wind power resources are abundant, but their utilization could be limited because wind fluctuates rather than providing steady power. We hypothesize that wind power output could be stabilized if wind generators were located in a meteorologically designed configuration and electrically connected. Based on 5 yr of wind data from 11 meteorological stations, distributed over a 2,500 km extent along the U.S. East Coast, power output for each hour at each site is calculated. Each individual wind power generation site exhibits the expected power ups and downs. But when we simulate a power line connecting them, called here the Atlantic Transmission Grid, the output from the entire set of generators rarely reaches either low or full power, and power changes slowly. Notably, during the 5-yr study period, the amount of power shifted up and down but never stopped. This finding is explained by examining in detail the high and low output periods, using reanalysis data to show the weather phenomena responsible for steady production and for the occasional periods of low power. We conclude with suggested institutions appropriate to create and manage the power system analyzed here.

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Electric power from offshore wind via synoptic-scale interconnection

Kempton

Pimenta

Veron

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

153

109

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“…We assumed that these vehicles would be charged at night when demand for electricity would normally be at a minimum, that individual vehicles would undergo a typical charge-discharge cycle over a 24-hour period (28)(29) and that 30% of the electricity stored in the vehicle battery packs could be returned to the grid during times of high demand during the day.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Costs for Integrating Wind into the Future ERCOT System with Related Costs for Savings in CO₂ Emissions

Chen

Sluzas

2011

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Wind power can make an important contribution to the goal of reducing emissions of CO2. The major problem relates to the intrinsic variability of the source and the difficulty of reconciling the supply of electricity with demand particularly at high levels of wind penetration. This challenge is explored for the case of the ERCOT system in Texas. Demand for electricity in Texas is projected to increase by approximately 60% by 2030. Considering hourly load data reported for 2006, assuming that the pattern of demand in 2030 should be similar to 2006, and adopting as a business as usual (BAU) reference an assumption that the anticipated additional electricity should be supplied by a combination of coal and gas with prices, discounted to 2007 dollars of $2 and $6 per MMBTU respectively, we conclude that the bus-bar price for electricity would increase by about 1.1¢/kWh at a wind penetration level of 30%, by about 3.4 ¢/kWh at a penetration level of 80%. Corresponding costs for reductions in CO2 range from $20/ton to $60/ton. A number of possibilities are discussed that could contribute to a reduction in these costs including the impact of an expanded future fleet of electrically driven vehicles.

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“…Second, load period is matched to wind power supply period. For example, wind power outputs reached its highest level when space heating is needed [48]. Zhou and Min [49] proposed a non-grid wind power application at less developed area in China.…”

Section: The Applications Of Non-grid Connected Wind Powermentioning

confidence: 99%

Wind power in China – Dream or reality?

Hubacek

Siu

2012

Energy

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After tremendous growth in recent years, China now has 44.7GW of wind-derived power and has surpassed the US (40.18 GW) to be the largest wind turbine owner since the end of 2010. In 2010, around half of the new wind turbines globally were installed in China. Despite the recent growth rates and promises of a bright future, two important issues -the capability of the grid infrastructure and the availability of backup systems -must be critically discussed and tackled in the medium term.The study shows that only a relatively small share of investment goes towards improving and extending the electricity infrastructure which is a precondition for transmitting clean wind energy to the end users. In addition, the backup systems are either geographically too remote from the potential wind power sites or currently financially infeasible. Also, the use of coal-fired plants as the backup system is unavoidable because of the coal-dominated electricity mix. Finally, the introduction of wind power to the coal-dominated energy production system is not problem-free. Frequent ramp ups and downs of coal-fired plants lead to lower energy efficiency and higher emissions, which is likely to compensate some of the emission savings from wind power.The current power system is heavily reliant on independently acting but state-owned energy companies optimizing their part of the system, which is partly incompatible with building a robust system supporting renewable energy technologies. Hence, strategic, top-down co-ordination and incentives to improve the overall electricity infrastructure is recommended.

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Large CO₂ reductions via offshore wind power matched to inherent storage in energy end‐uses

Cited by 87 publications

References 17 publications

Electric power from offshore wind via synoptic-scale interconnection

Electric power from offshore wind via synoptic-scale interconnection

Costs for Integrating Wind into the Future ERCOT System with Related Costs for Savings in CO₂ Emissions

Wind power in China – Dream or reality?

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Large CO2 reductions via offshore wind power matched to inherent storage in energy end‐uses

Cited by 87 publications

References 17 publications

Electric power from offshore wind via synoptic-scale interconnection

Electric power from offshore wind via synoptic-scale interconnection

Costs for Integrating Wind into the Future ERCOT System with Related Costs for Savings in CO2 Emissions

Wind power in China – Dream or reality?

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Large CO₂ reductions via offshore wind power matched to inherent storage in energy end‐uses

Costs for Integrating Wind into the Future ERCOT System with Related Costs for Savings in CO₂ Emissions