Large Area Screen Printed N-Type Silicon Solar Cells with Rear Aluminium Emitter: Efficiencies Exceeding 16%

Kopecek, Radovan; Bück, Thomas; Libal, Joris; Röver, I.; Wambach, K.; Geerligs, L.J.; Sánchez-Friera, P.; Alonso, J.; Wefringhaus, E.; Fath, P.

doi:10.1109/wcpec.2006.279319

Cited by 21 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…For BBr 3 -based B emitters similar to the ones used in this study, a specific contact resistance above 20 mΩ · cm 2 has been reported [6]. The addition of Al to the paste leads to a lower c , as was first shown by Kopecek et al [2]. A higher Al content in the paste results in a lower specific contact resistance [3], [7], which can be attributed to a higher density of Ag/Al contact spots on the Si surface [7].…”

supporting

confidence: 73%

“…7 shows a polished cross section of an Ag/Al contact spot on a sample with SiN x :H layer. Between the contact spot grown into the former Si surface (1) and the bulk contact above, a thin layer can be seen (2). This intermediate layer follows the shape of the Si pyramids of the surface texture.…”

Section: Influence Of Sin X :H Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The removal of the Ag/Al in the contact spots by aqua regia indicates a direct connection between the contact spots and the bulk metal of the contact finger with no glass interlayer. At bright glass areas (2), N and Al can be detected by EDX measurements. These areas surround Si spots (3).…”

Section: ) Specific Contact Resistance and Top-view Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6). In some cases, Si residues (1) can be found above the contact spots (2). The connection between the contact spot and the bulk contact is limited to small areas (3).…”

Section: Influence Of Sin X :H Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The performance of n-type, bifacial, and back-contact solar cells depends crucially on the quality of the electrical contact to p + Si, but the development of screen-printing pastes for these purposes turned out to be challenging. Contacting p + Si with Ag screen-printing pastes can lead to specific contact resistances c above 50 mΩ · cm 2 [1]- [4], which is rather poor compared with Ag-based contacts to phosphorous-doped n + Si layers exhibiting c typically below 5 mΩ · cm 2 [5]. For BBr 3 -based B emitters similar to the ones used in this study, a specific contact resistance above 20 mΩ · cm 2 has been reported [6].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Formation of Ag/Al Screen-Printing Contacts on B Emitters

Fritz

König

Riegel

et al. 2015

IEEE J. Photovoltaics

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supporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Influence Of Sin X :H Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ) Specific Contact Resistance and Top-view Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6). In some cases, Si residues (1) can be found above the contact spots (2). The connection between the contact spot and the bulk contact is limited to small areas (3).…”

Section: Influence Of Sin X :H Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Formation of Ag/Al Screen-Printing Contacts on B Emitters

Fritz

König

Riegel

et al. 2015

IEEE J. Photovoltaics

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Mass production of crystalline silicon solar cells with polysilicon‐based passivating contacts: An industrial perspective

Zhang¹,

Dumbrell²,

Li³

et al. 2022

Progress in Photovoltaics

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Silicon solar cells that employ passivating contacts featuring a heavily doped polysilicon layer on a thin silicon oxide (TOPCon) have been demonstrated to facilitate remarkably high cell efficiencies, amongst the highest achieved to date using a single junction on a silicon substrate. Importantly, it has been shown that the polysiliconbased passivating contacts have a high degree of compatibility with existing mass production processes and toolsets, making them an attractive choice for photovoltaic (PV) cell manufacturers to increase the efficiency of their products. With several large PV manufacturers recently announcing plans to push the TOPCon technology into mass production, we review the significant industrial research and development activities that have been undertaken to push the boundaries of the technology and optimise its integration into the existing mass production pipeline. From an industrial perspective, TOPCon fabrication methodology options as well as necessary technological advances in front-side fabrication, cell metallisation and module integration are discussed. The TOPCon technology development is contextualised in terms of larger trends in PV manufacturing, and we look towards the direction of future industrial development.

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Printing technologies for silicon solar cell metallization: A comprehensive review

Tepner

Lorenz

2023

Progress in Photovoltaics

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This paper presents a comprehensive overview on printing technologies for metallization of solar cells. Throughout the last 30 years, flatbed screen printing has established itself as the predominant metallization process for the mass production of silicon solar cells. For this reason, we will provide a detailed review on its history, its evolution over time, and how the continuous efforts of the scientific and industrial community for further improvements revolutionized the entire PV industry. Furthermore, we will guide the reader through the physics on silicon solar cell metallization, the fundamentals on contact formation, and what type of challenges and requirements these topics create for printing technologies. The main topic of this review addresses the flatbed screen-printing process mechanics, its different process sequences, corresponding screen technology, and the very important impact of paste rheology on the printing result. Finally, we will compare alternative upcoming printing approaches to flatbed screen printing and discuss how they might solve upcoming challenges in metallization in terms of increasing the throughput rates at an everdecreasing grid line width and reduced silver consumption.

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Large Area Screen Printed N-Type Silicon Solar Cells with Rear Aluminium Emitter: Efficiencies Exceeding 16%

Cited by 21 publications

References 3 publications

Formation of Ag/Al Screen-Printing Contacts on B Emitters

Formation of Ag/Al Screen-Printing Contacts on B Emitters

Mass production of crystalline silicon solar cells with polysilicon‐based passivating contacts: An industrial perspective

Printing technologies for silicon solar cell metallization: A comprehensive review

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