Large and prolonged food-borne multistate hepatitis A outbreak in Europe associated with consumption of frozen berries, 2013 to 2014

Severi, Ettore; Verhoef, Linda; Thornton, Lelia; Guzman-Herrador, Bernardo; Faber, Mirko; Sundqvist, Lena; Rimhanen-Finne, Ruska; Roque–Afonso, Anne–Marie; Ngui, Siew Lin; Allerberger, Franz; Baumann-Popczyk, Anna; Müller, Luise; Parmakova, Kremena; Alfonsi, Valeria; Tavoschi, Lara; Vennema, Harry; Fitzgerald, Margaret; Myrmel, Mette; Gertler, Maximilian; Ederth, Josefine Lundberg; Kontio, Mia; Vanbockstael, C; Mandal, Sema; Sadkowska-Todys, Małgorzata; Tosti, Maria Elena; Schimmer, Barbara; O’Gorman, Joanne; Stene‐Johansen, Kathrine; Wenzel, Jürgen J.; Jones, Gabrielle; Balogun, Koye; Ciccaglione, Anna Rita; O’Connor, Lisa; Vold, Line; Takkinen, Johanna; Rizzo, Caterina

doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.29.21192

Cited by 110 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…After the year 2010, the virus population suffered a bottleneck, probably due to the primary prevention and to the herd immunity acquired in the endemic region where there was a lack of susceptible hosts. After this period, a new evident growth of virus population occurred around the years 2013‐2014 when an epidemic caused by the ingestion of mixed frozen berries was described . A similar trend without an evident bottleneck was observed for genotype Ib.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Genotype I hepatitis A virus introduction in Italy: Bayesian phylogenetic analysis to date different epidemics

Cella

Riva

Angeletti

et al. 2018

Journal of Medical Virology

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Despite a significant decrease in acute hepatitis A in the last 2 decades in Italy, outbreaks were observed occurring mostly in southern Italy. In this study, Bayesian phylogenetic analysis was used to analyze the origin of these epidemics. With this aim, 5 different data sets of hepatitis A virus sequences were built to perform genotyping by the neighbor-joining method to estimate the evolutionary rates by using a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo approach and to investigate the demographic history by independent Markov chain Monte Carlo runs enforcing both a strict and relaxed clock. The estimated mean value of the evolutionary rate, representing Ia and Ib strains, was 1.21 × 10 and 2.0 × 10 substitutions/site/year, respectively. The Bayesian maximum clade credibility tree of hepatitis A virus (HAV) Ia and Ib strains showed that Italian sequences mostly formed separate clusters. The root of the time for the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) for HAV Ia and Ib strains dated back to 1981 and to 1988, respectively, showing in both cases different epidemic entrances. Phylodynamic analysis showed that genotype Ia increased in 1997, when the Apulia epidemic started, then suffered a bottleneck, probably consequent to vaccination and to the herd immunity, followed by a new increase in virus population in the years 2013-2014 consequent to the epidemic caused by the ingestion of mixed frozen berries. A similar trend without an evident bottleneck was observed also in the case of genotype Ib. In conclusion, the Bayesian phylogenetic analysis represents a good tool to measure the effectiveness of the public health plans used for HAV control.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Genotype I hepatitis A virus introduction in Italy: Bayesian phylogenetic analysis to date different epidemics

Cella

Riva

Angeletti

et al. 2018

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…The resulting high susceptibility may increase the risk of outbreaks when exposure does occur, and this has been the cause of recent large outbreaks through food contamination, e.g. through frozen pomegranate arils in the United States 69 and frozen berries in Europe 70 . However, this does not necessarily indicate that mass immunization programs with hepatitis A vaccine should be introduced in low endemic countries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of universal mass vaccination with monovalent inactivated hepatitis A vaccines – A systematic review

Stuurman¹,

Marano

Bunge³

et al. 2016

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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The WHO recommends integration of universal mass vaccination (UMV) against hepatitis A virus (HAV) in national immunization schedules for children aged ≥1 year, if justified on the basis of acute HAV incidence, declining endemicity from high to intermediate and cost-effectiveness. This recommendation has been implemented in several countries. Our aim was to assess the impact of UMV using monovalent inactivated hepatitis A vaccines on incidence and persistence of anti-HAV (IgG) antibodies in pediatric populations. We conducted a systematic review of literature published between 2000 and 2015 in PubMed, Cochrane Library, LILACS, IBECS identifying a total of 27 studies (Argentina, Belgium, China, Greece, Israel, Panama, the United States and Uruguay). All except one study showed a marked decline in the incidence of hepatitis A post introduction of UMV. The incidence in non-vaccinated age groups decreased as well, suggesting herd immunity but also rising susceptibility. Long-term anti-HAV antibody persistence was documented up to 17 y after a 2-dose primary vaccination. In conclusion, introduction of UMV in countries with intermediate endemicity for HAV infection led to a considerable decrease in the incidence of hepatitis A in vaccinated and in non-vaccinated age groups alike.

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“…Large scale FBDOs requiring international trace-back investigation have been described for a wide variety of pathogens and food products [16-18]. Specifically, Salmonella outbreaks in European countries traced to imported food products have been previously reported, most recently S. Enteritidis linked to eggs from a German producer [19,20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis linked to the consumption of frozen beefburgers received from a food bank and originating from Poland: northern France, December 2014 to April 2015

Jones

Pihier²,

Vanbockstael

et al. 2016

Eurosurveillance

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A prolonged outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis occurred in northern France between December 2014 and April 2015. Epidemiological investigations following the initial notification on 30 December 2014 of five cases of salmonellosis (two confirmed S. Enteritidis) in young children residing in the Somme department revealed that all cases frequented the same food bank A. Further epidemiological, microbiological and food trace-back investigations indicated frozen beefburgers as the source of the outbreak and the suspected lot originating from Poland was recalled on 22 January 2015. On 2 March 2015 a second notification of S. Enteritidis cases in the Somme reinitiated investigations that confirmed a link with food bank A and with consumption of frozen beefburgers from the same Polish producer. In the face of a possible persistent source of contamination, all frozen beefburgers distributed by food bank A and from the same origin were blocked on 3 March 2015. Microbiological analyses confirmed contamination by S. Enteritidis of frozen beefburgers from a second lot remaining in cases’ homes. A second recall was initiated on 6 March 2015 and all frozen beefburgers from the Polish producer remain blocked after analyses identified additional contaminated lots over several months of production.

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Large and prolonged food-borne multistate hepatitis A outbreak in Europe associated with consumption of frozen berries, 2013 to 2014

Cited by 110 publications

References 43 publications

Genotype I hepatitis A virus introduction in Italy: Bayesian phylogenetic analysis to date different epidemics

Genotype I hepatitis A virus introduction in Italy: Bayesian phylogenetic analysis to date different epidemics

Impact of universal mass vaccination with monovalent inactivated hepatitis A vaccines – A systematic review

Outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis linked to the consumption of frozen beefburgers received from a food bank and originating from Poland: northern France, December 2014 to April 2015

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