Laparoscopy in Urology: An Overview

Flexible robotic device for spinal surgery

“…In the field's literature, many authors have attempted to categorise surgical robotic systems developed in the last three decades into specific groups [16,[18][19][20][21][22]. Surgical robots can be classified in different criterions according to Taylor [23].…”

“…The main components of MSS are the surgical console and the robot [10,22]. The typical operation of Tele-operation system is described in Figure 4.…”

“…To enable the surgeon to feel the forces between the tool and the tissue, some systems incorporate force feedback devices. [6,10,22,24]. However, limitations of the system include high cost and a lack of haptic and tactile feedback [10,25].…”

“…This technique has been widely adopted and benefited the surgical procedures by reducing surgical trauma, recovery time, and hospitalisation cost [29]. However, MIS procedures were only applied to relatively simple applications due to substantial limitations compared to conventional instruments used directly by surgeons such as loss of wrist articulation, poor touch sense, and loss of 3-D vision [17,22]. The involvement of robots in surgery was initially proposed to eliminate most of these impediments.…”