“…EU, first reported in 1898 by Ernesto Tricomi (Howard and Hess, 2002), has been widely accepted as an alternative procedure for benign and low-grade malignant pancreatic tumors including endocrine tumors (Ramage et al, 2005;Norton, 2006;Crippa et al, 2007;Falconi et al, 2010;Hackert et al, 2011;Zhang et al, 2013), SCAs, MCNs, SPTs, branch-duct IPMNs, pseudocysts, and so forth (Talamini et al, 1998;Kiely et al, 2003;Madan et al, 2004;Papavramidis and Papavramidis, 2005;Crippa et al, 2007;Ge et al, 2010;Hackert et al, 2011;Turrini et al, 2011;Zhang et al, 2013). EU has proved to be a procedure characterized by less operation time and blood loss, faster recovery, and preserving more of the pancreas parenchyma, compared with standard procedures (Casadei et al, 2010;Falconi et al, 2010;Hackert et al, 2011;Yan et al, 2015). Yet there are some problems for the application of EUs, including PF afterwards and indications and contraindications for EUs.…”