Language use, choice, maintenance, and ethnolinguistic vitality of Turkish speakers in France: intergenerational differences

Determinants of Language Use and Attitudes among Turkish Speakers in Flanders: A Focus on Generational Difference

“…Giles et al 1977, Sachdev andBourhis 1990). These findings of the study are also related to results by Yagmur et al 2003. In their study, they also found that the second generation Turkish group in France employed more positive attitudes towards Turkish than the older generation.…”

“…The framework by Giles et al (1977) was considered in various studies as a determinant of ethnolinguistic vitality. The vitality grouping by Giles et al (1977) has been reviewed and considered in a lot of studies (Sachdev et al 1987;Bourhis et al 1981;Yagmur 2004;Yagmur and Akinci 2003) and according to this grouping, it is highly probable in low vitality groups that immigrants are subject to strong linguistic assimilation and people in high vitality groups are more attached to their heritage language and cultural traits. The mutual link between language and identity has always been taken into consideration in the field, particularly guiding more studies in sociolinguistics.…”

“…Turkey-born informants have been associated to being first generation and it has been hypothesized that they would have higher ethno-linguistic vitality than their Nederlands-born peers. However, in another study by Yagmur and Akinci (2003), age has been taken as an indicator of generation. In their study, the participants were classified on the basis of their age as older immigrants (first generation) and younger ones (second generation).…”

“…Language use, choice and maintenance of immigrants are directly related to their ethno-linguistic vitality perceptions in the receiving communities. Studies conducted in France (Yagmur and Akinci 2003) and in Australia, Germany, Netherlands and in France (Yagmur and van de Vijver 2012) with Turkish immigrant groups show that their use of native language depends on their contextual needs. In other words, they prefer their ethnic language in domestic domain and Turkish immigrants with a stronger Turkish identity consider and use their native language more.…”

“…These two factor groups are always in interaction with each other (Yagmur and Akinci 2003). The policy of the host community towards minority languages is necessarily significant on the language attitudes of ethnic groups.…”