Language Revitalization as L2 Shadow Boxing

Abstract

In the Afro-Colombian community of San Basilio de Palenque, there are school-based efforts to revitalize the once-endangered creole language Palenquero. At present, most Palenquero language classes do not include grammatical instruction, active student production, or corrective feedback, and there is little or no communication in Palenquero between L2 learners and fluent adult speakers. One result is that L2 Palenquero speakers are overgeneralizing the Palenquero prenominal plural marker to singular contexts, in a fashion that partly suggests a Spanish-influenced misinterpretation as a definite article. The present study summarizes oral and written production, and then analyzes processing data from an eye-tracking experiment confirming L2 learners’ emergent restructuring of the Palenquero plural marker. L2 learners have regularized perceived variation similar to learners of artificial languages, and the morphological marking of plurality is seemingly being lost, possibly morphing into an emergent but still unstable definiteness marker effectively delinked from number.

Reinforcement of Grammatical Structures through Explicit Instruction in Palenquero Creole: A Pilot Study

“…However, there is variation in plural marking in Palenquero because both ma and bare nouns can be used to express plural meanings (Schwegler 2007b;Moñino 2013). Adult speakers of Palenquero (almost) always use ma to mark plural contexts (Cassiani-Obeso and Smith 2021), while L2 speakers often extend ma indiscriminately to singular as well as plural referents (Lipski 2020c). A variety of production tasks (e.g., picture naming, written assignments, sociolinguistic interviews) have also provided evidence for the overextension of ma by younger speakers (Lipski 2012(Lipski , 2014(Lipski , 2015(Lipski , 2020a(Lipski , 2020bDeibel 2020).…”