“…This is an important research gap as the literature has established that language difference (LD) creates barriers for communication, disturbs information flow and knowledge transfer, influences HQ-subsidiary and inter-subsidiary relationships particularly from the aspect of control, communication and coordination, and affects foreign direct investment (FDI) (e.g. Björkman & Piekkari, 2009;Cuypers et al, 2015;Harzing & Feely, 2008;Konara & Wei, 2019;Lauring & Klitmoller, 2015;Ly et al, 2018;Schomaker & Zaheer, 2014;Vaara et al, 2005;Vidal-Suárez & López-Duarte, 2013;Welch & Welch, 2008;Zhu et al, 2015). Arguably, all of these effects can be reflected in organizational performance.…”