Language context modulates executive control in bilinguals: Evidence from language production

Lu, Joan; Grundy, John G.; Cong, Lin; Chen, Baoguo

doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107441

Cited by 25 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Moreover, the present study conducted a regression analysis to examine whether real-time language control processing was associated with behavioral performance on the executive control task. Given previous studies (e.g., Adler et al, 2020;Jiao et al, 2020), we predicted that the language context would modulate the control processes in the language control task and in the executive control task. This is to say, if the language context effect on executive control results from the modulation of language control, the measures of language control should predict the executive control performance in the different language contexts.…”

Section: The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 95%

“…These findings suggested that language control processes could change in response to the language context, and speculated that changes in language control might be related with adjustments in executive control. However, Jiao et al (2020) only examined language production. Given that there might be distinct control processes during language comprehension versus production (e.g., Blanco-Elorrieta & Pylkkänen, 2016), it is necessary to study the simultaneous effects of language context on language control and executive control during language comprehension.…”

Section: The Role Of Language Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A flanker task was used to measure executive control, including congruent and incongruent trials; a picture-word matching task was used to create Chinese (L1), English (L2), and mixed-language contexts. The executive control task was a flanker task (Eriksen & Eriksen, 1974), which has been widely used to measure executive control in studies on bilingualism (Adler et al, 2020;Dong & Zhong, 2017;Jiao et al, 2020;Jiao, Liu, Liang, et al, 2019;Wu & Thierry, 2013). There were two types of trials in the flanker task, that is, congruent and incongruent trials.…”

Section: Design and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of language context on executive control in unbalanced bilinguals: An ERPs study

Cong

Bruin

et al. 2020

Psychophysiology

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The influence of the language context on language control has been widely discussed in the bilingualism literature, and there is an increase in studies examining the effect of language context on domain-general executive control. However, it remains unclear how language contexts affect executive control performance. In the present study, we created single-and mixed-language comprehension contexts. Unbalanced Chinese-English bilinguals completed a modified flanker task that was interleaved with a single-language or mixed-language picture-word matching task. The effects of language comprehension context on language control were reflected by the N2 and LPC effects. Executive control processes also differed depending on the language comprehension context, with faster behavioral responses and larger N2 but smaller P3 electrophysiological components in the mixed-language context. Moreover, the LPC amplitude in the mixed-language context predicted the behavioral performance in the executive control task. These findings suggested that flexible language control during language comprehension altered executive control processes in unbalanced bilinguals.

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Section: The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: The Role Of Language Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Design and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of language context on executive control in unbalanced bilinguals: An ERPs study

Cong

Bruin

et al. 2020

Psychophysiology

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“…For L1-dominant bilinguals, the impact of experimentally induced language modes on EFs has so far only been investigated in one study by Jiao et al (2020). They administered flanker trials interspersed with picture naming tasks, comparing a single language condition to a mixed language condition.…”

Section: Evidence From Experimental Paradigms Inducing Different Langmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Language switching is only investigated at the word-level, when in reality the code-switching discussed by the CPM also happens at the sentence level, and involves intricate grammatical consolidation processes (Muysken, 2000). It could be argued that the studies by Wu and Thierry (2013), and Jiao et al (2020) induced inter-sentential switching modes as bilinguals were switching between languages but not within the same sentence.…”

Section: Evidence From Experimental Paradigms Inducing Different Langmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimentally Induced Language Modes and Regular Code-Switching Habits Boost Bilinguals’ Executive Performance: Evidence From a Within-Subject Paradigm

2020

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Bilingualism may modulate executive functions (EFs), but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated two potential sources of variability in bilinguals' EF performance: (1) interactional contexts and codeswitching, and (2) dominance profiles. Previous research on code-switching often relied on self-reports of regular code-switching habits. In this study, we investigated the effects of experimentally induced language modes (single language versus codeswitching modes) on bilinguals' EF performance. Crucially, in the bilingual conditions, we differentiated between different types of intra-sentential code-switching (Insertion, Alternation, and Dense code-switching). Moreover, we investigated the interaction of the effects of temporary language modes with bilinguals' sociolinguistic codeswitching habits. All our participants were L1-dominant German-English bilinguals (N = 29) immersed in an L2 context. We assessed the effects of dominance by correlating individual bilinguals' L1-dominance with their EF performance. In addition, we investigated whether language modes activate different EF patterns in bilinguals, as opposed to monolinguals, i.e., individuals who have no additional language to suppress. Based on models of bilingual language processing, we predicted our bilinguals to display the best EF performance in L2 single language contexts, as these require them to activate inhibitory schemata to suppress their dominant L1. Indeed, bilinguals performed better in the single language than in the code-switching conditions. The results also suggested that bilinguals activated more inhibitory control compared to monolinguals, supporting the notion that bilingual processing involves inhibition. The task conditions inducing different code-switching modes differed only in terms of the predictors explaining EF performance in the regression. We observed negative correlations between the frequency of engaging in a given type of code-switching and performance in language modes inducing non-corresponding control modes. The results suggested that Dense code-switching draws upon proactive control modes

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The effects of bilingualism on executive functions: an updated quantitative analysis

Grundy

2020

J Cult Cogn Sci

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Several researchers have suggested that learning and using a second language requires domain-general executive functions, and many have shown that bilinguals outperform monolinguals on tasks that tap into these processes. However, recent behavioral studies and meta-analyses reporting failed replications have called into question whether or not bilingualism leads to changes in domain-general executive functions. The present paper argues that there are several reasons, often overlooked, that lead to failed replications, and that when group differences do appear on EF tasks, despite these issues, performance favors bilinguals far more often than monolinguals. The present paper reports a Bayesian analysis of 167 independent studies to support this claim with a Bayes Factor classified as ''decisive'' evidence for the alternative (BF 10 = 2.91 9 10 8 ), ruling out chance outcomes that would predict an equal number of studies favoring monolinguals to studies favoring bilinguals. These findings could not be explained by publication bias, year of publication, or sample size. Critically, these findings are not at odds with recent meta-analyses examining overall effect sizes, but rather, highlight the need to determine when, rather than if, bilinguals outperform monolinguals on EF tasks.

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Language context modulates executive control in bilinguals: Evidence from language production

Cited by 25 publications

References 39 publications

Effects of language context on executive control in unbalanced bilinguals: An ERPs study

Effects of language context on executive control in unbalanced bilinguals: An ERPs study

Experimentally Induced Language Modes and Regular Code-Switching Habits Boost Bilinguals’ Executive Performance: Evidence From a Within-Subject Paradigm

The effects of bilingualism on executive functions: an updated quantitative analysis

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